Electronic Engineering Technical References

Over 1900 Electronic Engineering Technical References papers are available for you to view.
Each paper helps explain the basics of electronic engineering.

• An Introduction to Sensors and Transducers (90 KB) The fundamental ideas and the principles of the sensors and the transducers are discussed in detail in this paper.
• Importance of Level IV Tester for High Frequency Network Testing (60 KB) The impact of Level IV accuracy and the two components to the LEVEL IV verification such as Baseline measurement accuracy and Permanent link and channel link measurement accuracy were studied in this paper.
• The Basics of Digital Multimeters (79 KB) In this paper you will get a better understanding of digital multimeters in testing voltage, current, resistance, continuity, capacitance, frequency. 
• The long and short of connecting sensors to control rooms (157 KB) This paper discussess on the several options to consider in choosing a reliable method to get the signal from the field sensor to the control system in a way that delivers the performance levels required by the application.
• A longitudinal analysis of nanotechnology literature: 1976–2004 (889.08 KB) Nanotechnology research and applications have experienced rapid growth in recent years.We assessed the status of nanotechnology research worldwide by applying bibliographic
• A Simplified Study of Scheduler for Real Time and Embedded System Domain (394.25 KB) In this research paper, a new algorithm, Parametric Multi Level Feedback Queue (PMLFQ), has been presented for solving the problems and minimizing the response time.
• Ad-hoc Technology in Future IP based Mobile Communication Systems (127.21 KB) In this paper we outline our future research activities in the field of ad–hoc communication systems for IP based services. We summarize why omnipresent technologies fail to support ad–hoc technology
• ALMA Project Book, Chapter 7: LOCAL OSCILLATORS (210.75 KB) This chapter discusses about Local Oscillators, its requirements and specifications, design, the First LO, Second LO Synthesizer and Fine Tuning Synthesizers.
• An Improved Integer Frequency Offset Estimator using the P1 Symbol for OFDM System (398.57 KB) This paper suggests an improved integer frequency offset estimation scheme using P1 symbol for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
• An Introduction of Aperture Coupled Microstrip Slot Antenna (84.3 KB) A microstrip slot antenna has the problem of back radiation due to which power loss occurs and the SAR increases. aperture coupled microstrip slot antenna which reduces the back lobe as well as increases the bandwidth of the antenna.
• Analogue and Digital Signals (249.7 KB)
• Antenna (303.09 KB) This white paper is intended as a guide to understanding how antennas transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. We begin with an explanation of what an electromagnetic wave is, and how it travels.
• Antennas and Propagation (51.6 KB) Any conducting material can act as an antenna. Designers go to “great lengths” to design antennas in order to control their radiation pattern and gain.
• Applications of Digital Image Processing (238.11 KB) The field of digital image processing has experienced continuous and significant expansion in recent years. The usefulness of this technology
• Applications of Localized Image Processing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks (288.09 KB) We describe the application of image processing techniques for data refinement in sensor networks, by mapping network nodes to pixels in an image
• Architecture of FPGAs and CPLDs: A Tutorial (216.36 KB) This paper provides a tutorial survey of architectures of commercially available high-capacity field-programmable devices (FPDs). We first define the relevant terminology in the field and then describe the recent evolution of FPDs
• ATx Vs AT Motherboards: What’s the Difference? (17.95 KB)
• Automatic Layout Optimization of an EMC filter (910.65 KB) This paper discusses the implementation of an automatic routing algorithm based on the PEEC method (Partial Equivalent Element Circuit), in order to consider the electro-magnetic aspect in the layout definition.
• Building Automation Systems—BAS (178.77 KB) We previously described how the scope of physical security in the information security model extends to include the entire facility as an integrated security system
• Calibration methods for a large loop antenna measurement system (318.22 KB) A hybrid approach concerning the calibration and evaluation of a loop antenna suitable for dipole and quadrupole identification is presented.
• Design of a High Speed CAVLC Encoder and Decoder with Parallel Data Path (120.16 KB) This paper proposes a fast algorithm adapted for run_before decoder and the parallel architecture for level decoder, to improve the decoding performance.
• Design of A Pentagon Microstrip Antenna for Radar Altimeter Application (1532.33 KB) In this paper, the microstrip antennas are designed at 4.3GHz (C-band) in rectangular and circular shape patch antennas in single element and arrays with parasitic elements placed in H-plane coupling.
• Design of AMBA AXI4 protocol for System-on-Chip communication (916.47 KB) This paper presents a work aimed to design the AMBA AXI4 protocol modeled in Verilog hardware description language and simulation results for read and write operation of data and address are shown in Verilog compiler simulator tool.
• Design of an 8X1 Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Array (181.3 KB) In this paper, coaxial feed techniques are applied to the square microstrip patch antenna.
• Design of An Embedded System For Monitoring and Controlling Temperature and Light (252.24 KB) This paper describes the design of an embedded system for the control of Temperature & Light intensity with continuous monitoring in a single system using sensors, microcontroller and LCD.
• Design of an Ultra Low Power Low Phase Noise CMOS LC Oscillator (404.44 KB) In this paper we introduce an ultra low power CMOS LC oscillator and analyze a method to design a low power low phase noise complementary CMOS LC oscillator.
• Design of Digital IIR Filters with the Advantages of Model Order Reduction Technique (98.06 KB) In this paper a mixed method of model order reduction is proposed for linear IIR filter and the validity of the proposed method is illustrated with design example in frequency domain and stability is examined with help of nyquist plot.
• Design of High Performance Modified Wave pipelined DAA Filter with Critical Path Approach (256.58 KB) In this paper, a new high speed control circuit is proposed which will act as a critical path for the data which will go from input to output to improve the performance of wave pipelining circuits.
• Design of Multi-Layer Optical Fibers with Ring Refractive Index to Reduce Dispersion (379.53 KB) The main goal in this paper is to design single-mode optical fibers for DWDM networks, which are used today in rapid communications.
• Design of Multiplier-free State-Space Digital Filters (367.37 KB) In this paper, a novel approach is presented for designing multiplier-free state-space digital filters.
• Design of Rectangular-Cut Circular Disc UWB Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics (215.68 KB) This paper presents the design of CPW – feed rectangular-cut circular ultra wideband (UWB) antenna with notched-band characteristic.
• Design of Remote I/O data acquisition system with zigbee (144.64 KB) In this paper, the key components of the Information Terminal and the wireless receiving modules on the data Collection and wireless transmission network were Designed with the principle of zigbee and 51 Series of single-chip computer.
• Design of Variable Width Barrel Shifter for High Speed Processor Architecture (105.95 KB) In this paper, the design of the variable width barrel shifter is presented in which we can shift 4bit, 8bit, 16bit, and 32bit and maximum 64bit partial product during multiplication
• Detection and Demarcation of Tumor using Vector Quantization in MRI images (232.07 KB) In this paper we proposed segmentation using vector quantization technique. Here we used Linde Buzo-Gray algorithm (LBG) for segmentation of MRI images.
• Development of an advanced embedded system for description of electrophysiological phenomena (987.89 KB) The objective of this work is the development of an advanced embedded wireless sensor to detect electrophysiological phenomena in order to investigate the correlation of biosignal patterns to salinity stress in ornamental plants.
• Digital Electronics (216.76 KB) By converting continuous analog signals into a nite number of discrete states, a process called digitization,
• DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Part 2: Sequential Logic (132.7 KB) This paper describes about Flip-flops, which are an important class of circuits and provide many capabilities other than memory, such as counters, shift registers, etc.
• Digital GPS Signal Generator for L1 Band (849.54 KB) This paper deals with the generation of GPS signals using FPGA based Xilinx System Generator 9.2. We have considered L1 frequency band as it is mainly used for commercial, civil aviation and other purposes.
• Digital image processing techniques for the detection and removal of cracks (1000.74 KB) An integrated methodology for the detection and removal of cracks on digitized paintings is presented in this paper.
• Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite to Handheld Services (73.97 KB) An attempt has been made to probe various digital video broadcast techniques for spatial and temporal distribution of contents as per stake holder needs Concept of time, space, energy and beam angle varying strategy has been explored.
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Technique with Residue Number System (698.62 KB) In this paper, a residue number arithmetic is used in direct sequence spread spectrum system, this system is evaluated and the bit error probability of this system is compared to that of non residue number system.
• Discrete wavelet transform based signal stegnography & encryption (148.62 KB) In this paper, the proposed algorithm based on Discrete Wavelet Transform technique for signal stegnography and one stage of encryption; both methods are used for secure communication.
• Distributed Estimation Using an Improved Incremental Distributed LMS Algorithm (451.26 KB) In this paper we consider the problem of distributed adaptive estimation in wireless sensor networks for two different observation noise conditions.
• Downlink Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation in Adaptive OFDMA Wireless Systems (452.83 KB) In this paper, we address the problem of adaptive radio resource allocation (RRA) and packet scheduling in the downlink of a cellular OFDMA system.
• Dynamic Error Correction of Force Sensor (1899.76 KB) In this paper, the recent achievement and the future prospects on the methods and the instruments for correcting the effect of the inertial mass on dynamic force measurements based on the LMM are discussed.
• Dynamic optical filtering and temperature sensing capabilities between1D binary and ternary photonic crystals (881.38 KB) In this paper a comparative study has been performed between 1D binary and ternary PHC (photonic crystal) on their capabilities as dynamic optical filter and a temperature sensor.
• Easy Image Processing: Camera Interfacing for Robotics (600.05 KB) I’ve been interested in robotics since I was a little boy.Back when I was in junior high school, I built a mobile robot platform out of the drive portion of a child’s motorized car
• ECG Compression using Wavelet Packet, Cosine Packet and Wave Atom Transforms (168.27 KB) This paper presents and analyzes Wavelet Packet, Cosine Packet and Wave Atom Transforms based electrocardiogram (ECG) compression.
• Effect of Fixed Copper Particle on PD Characteristcs of Sf6- N2 (10:90) Gas Mixtures (200.91 KB) This paper deals with the influence of conducting particle on the discharge characteristics of gas mixtures in a co-axial duct.
• Effect of negative resistance in the noise behavior of Ka Band IMPATT diodes. (118.33 KB) Noise properties and performance of DDR IMPATT diode at Ka Band frequency has been investigated through modeling and simulation technique.
• Effect of Non-linearities in Fuzzy Based Load Frequency Control (105.18 KB) This paper presents an approach for designing fuzzy logic based load frequency controller with the presence of non-linearity and obtaining better dynamic response as compared to conventional controllers.
• Efficiency Analysis of Bridgeless PFC Boost Converter with the Conventional Method (70.94 KB) In this paper, a detailed description of the operation of the proposed circuit is given. The most common methods used to calculate the power losses is discussed and compared for the various topologies.
• Efficiency of Brown Stock Pulp washing in Liquid Properties (165.91 KB) Washing is simply bulk removal of the liquor surrounding the pulp fibers. In a laboratory washing cell, the mechanism of the displacement washing of unbleached Kraft pulp was investigated.
• Efficient data hiding scheme using lossless data compression and image steganography (102 KB) In this paper, we have proposed a data hiding scheme using image steganography and compression.
• Efficient Detection Using Sequential Probability Ratio Test in Mobile Cognitive Radio Systems (422.44 KB) This paper proposes a smart design strategy for a sequential detector to reliably detect the primary user’s signal, especially in fast fading environments.
• Electromagnetic field theory for physicists and engineers:Fundamentals and Applications (1102.67 KB) This chapter starts with a brief review of Maxwell’s equations, which are the fundamental laws that, together with the theory of electromagnetic behavior of matter, explain on a macroscopic scale the properties of the electromagnetic field
• Electronic Design Automation Using Object Oriented Electronics (243.38 KB) In this paper, an approach is presented for modeling of various electronic and electric devices using object oriented design, aiming on building a library of devices (classes) which can be used for electronic design automation.
• Electronically Steerable planer Phased Array Antenna (615.83 KB) A planar phased-array antenna has been constructed from a 15×15 square grid of z-directed monopoles with a length of 0.475 λ, element spacing of 0.29 λ, average directivity of 20.0 dBi across all scan angles.
• Embedded System for Security Services Integration (200.76 KB) In this paper, we propose an Embedded System for Security Services Integration (SSI) and discuss aspects about its architecture and performance when it is implemented in FPGA.
• Enhanced Max-Log-APP and Enhanced Log-APP Decoding for DVB-RCS (537.45 KB) We present a new decoding technique for double binary turbo codes, such as in the Digital Video Broadcasting for Return Channel via Satellite
• Enhancing Spectrum Efficiency of Cognitive Radio waveforms Using SD-SMSE Framework (252.75 KB) We proposed a hybrid overlay/underlay waveform that realizes benefits of both waveforms and demonstrated its performance in frequency selective fading channels.
• EPIC: Ending Piracy of Integrated Circuits (250.95 KB) As semiconductor manufacturing requires greater capital investments, the use of contract foundries has grown dramatically
• Error Rate Probability for Coded MQAM with MRC Diversity in the Presence of Cochannel Interferers (304.64 KB) Exact expressions for bit-error probability for coherent square detection of uncoded and coded MQAM using an array of antennas with MRC in a flat fading channel interference limited system in a Nakagami-m fading environment is derived.
• Estimation of Relative Operating Characteristics of Text Independent Speaker Verification (584.61 KB) This paper presents the performance of a text independent speaker verification system using Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM).
• Evaluation of Bag of Visual Words for Category Level Object Recognition (533.24 KB) In this work, the effect of different possible parameters and performance evaluation of Bag of visual words approach in terms of their recognition performance using 8 different classes is explored.
• Existing Multicast Routing Protocols Used In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (110.11 KB) In this paper we made a comprehensive study on existing multicast routing protocols.
• Experimental Validation of a Marine Current Turbine Simulator (1804.02 KB) This paper deals with the experimental validation of a Matlab-Simulink simulation tool of marine current turbine (MCT) systems.
• Extreme Environment Electronic Packaging For Venus And Mars Landed Missions (1160.05 KB)
• Fabrication of Immersion Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers on Silicon (1729.37 KB) A maximum processing temperature of 250ô€€€C is used to fabricate capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) on silicon and quartz substrates for immersion applications.
• Fast and Scalable Pattern Matching for Memory Architecture (523.92 KB) We present a hardware-implementable pattern matching algorithm for content filtering applications, which is scalable in terms of speed, the number of patterns and the pattern length.
• Fast Intra Prediction Algorithm for H.264/AVC Based on Quadratic and Gradient Model (745.59 KB) In this study, the gradient prediction method used to predict the homogeneous area and the quadratic prediction function used to predict the nonhomogeneous area.
• Fingerprint Recognition using Minutia Score Matching (458.28 KB) In this paper, Fingerprint Recognition is projected using Minutia Score Matching method (FRMSM).
• FPGA Based Embedded Multiprocessor Architecture (225.94 KB) We have designed a new architecture called embedded concurrent computing (ECC), which is implementing on FPGA chip using VHDL. The design methodology is expected to allow scalable embedded multiprocessors for system expansion.
• FPGA Based Robotic Arm With Six Degrees of Freedom (257.95 KB) The purpose of the project is to build a multipurpose robotic arm which can perform operations with higher accuracy with 6 degrees of freedom.
• FPGA Implementation of High Speed Infrared Image Enhancement (127.99 KB) This paper deals with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based hardware Implementation of Infrared Image (IRI) enhancement of thermo graphic images.
• FPGA Implementation of OFDM Transceiver using FFT Algorithm (219.75 KB) In this paper the design and implementation of OFDM on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device has been presented.
• FPGA-Based Fuzzy Logic (609.06 KB) A large numbers of fuzzy control applications with the physical systems require a real-time operation to interface high speed constraints.
• Frame Detection For Synchronization In OFDM (100.67 KB) By using Xilinx software and verilog coding, in this paper the problem of frame detection is considered.
• Framework for safety-management activity to realize OSHA/PSM (282.01 KB) Process Safety Management (PSM) is a management system that is focused on prevention of, preparedness for, mitigation of, response to, and restoration from catastrophic releases of chemicals or energy from a process plant.
• From Maskee to Audible Noise in Perceptual Speech Enhancement (304.01 KB) Two filtering techniques that avoid or correct the MAN phenomenon are proposed to effectively suppress background noise without in- troducing much distortion.
• Fundamentals of Digital Electronics (536.71 KB) This paper explains about fundamental circuits of gates, encoders, binary addition, D-latches, ring counters, JK flip-flops, DACs, ADCs, seven-segment displays, serial communication, and the CPU.
• Fuzzy Logic Based Speed Control System “Comparative Study” (127.29 KB) This paper presents a compact soft computing fuzzy logic control system for induction motor scalar speed control.
• Gap- Coupled Microstrip Antennas For Dual Frequency Operations (72.92 KB) A study on dual frequency operation of antenna for variable length and different array configurations are presented in this paper.
• Generation and Modulation of Tunable mm-Wave Optical Signals Using Semiconductor Ring Laser (288.13 KB) In this paper, a method for the efficient generation and wideband modulation of mm-wave optical signals using a combination of OIL and FWM in the SRL has been demonstrated.
• Hand Gesture Recognition: Sign to Voice System (S2V) (413.55 KB) This paper presents a system prototype that is able to automatically recognize sign language to help normal people to communicate more effectively with the hearing or speech impaired people.
• Hard network lifetime wireless sensor networks with high energy first clustering (241.04 KB) The proposed scheme extends High Energy First (HEF) clustering algorithm and enables multi-hop transmissions among the clusters by incorporating the selection of cooperative sending and receiving nodes.
• Harmonic Mitigation For AC Variable Frequency Pump Drives (324.68 KB)
• Hierarchical Clock Distribution System for Synchronous Standard Cell (740.71 KB) This paper describes the synebronous clock dktrfbution prob Iem in VLSI and techniques for its solution. In particular, a bierarcbicat design technique for minimizing clock skew within a VLSI circuit
• High Frequency Performance of GaN Based IMPATT Diodes (145.16 KB) In this paper the performance of GaN based SDR IMPATT have thoroughly studied.
• High Speed ACSU Architecture for Viterbi Decoder Using T-Algorithm (283.04 KB) In this paper, we propose an efficient architecture based on pre-computation for Viterbi decoders incorporating Talgorithm.
• High Speed Booth Encoded Multiplier By Minimising The Computation Time (202.43 KB) In this project, one row of the partial product array can be reduced without increasing the delay.
• High Speed NP-CMOS and Multi-Output Dynamic Full Adder Cells (364.88 KB) In this paper we present two novel 1-bit full adder cells in dynamic logic style. NP-CMOS (Zipper) and Multi-Output structures are used to design the adder blocks.
• High Transmission through Sharp Bends in Photonic Crystal Waveguides (256.88 KB) Photonic crystals have inspired great interest recently because of their potential ability to control the propagation of light
• High-Gain Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA) for Night Airglow Photometer (98.41 KB) This paper describes a simple, inexpensive transimpedance amplifier (TIA) suitable to convert the fast current pulses delivered by photomultiplier tube of night airglow photometer into the corresponding voltage.
• High-Q RF coils on silicon integrated circuits (164.09 KB) We report on out-of-plane micro-machined inductors exhibiting record high quality factors (Q) on silicon integrated circuits. The coils are made by three-dimensional self-assembly of stress-engineered structures
• High-Speed VLSI Architectures for the AES Algorithm (562.6 KB) This paper presents novel high-speed architectures for the hardwareimplementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.
• Histogram Characterizations of Infrared Images Captured By a Modified Digital Camera (195.81 KB) This paper is to show that different visible light filter modifies the histogram patterns significantly, but with similar basic pattern.
• Hiway Fast Ethernet Segment Switches (16.81 KB)
• Huffman Encoding using VLSI (162.79 KB) In our implementation of Huffman encoder, more frequent input data is encoded with less number of binary bits than the data with less frequency.
• IIR Filter design with Craziness based Particle Swarm Optimization Technique (445.58 KB) This paper demonstrates the application of craziness based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO) technique for designing the 8th order low pass Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter.
• Illumination Insensitive Face Recognition Using Gradientfaces (893.83 KB) In this paper we propose a novel method called gradientface for face recognition under varying illumination.
• Image Contrast Enhancement based Sub-histogram Equalization Technique (1863.83 KB) The proposed algorithm segments the original histogram into sub-histograms with reference to brightness level and equalizes each sub-histogram with the limited extents of equalization considering its mean and variance.
• Image enhancement using Wavelet transforms and SVD (536.81 KB) In this paper we developed a method to enhance the quality of the given image.
• Image Processing (575.72 KB) The image processing parts of Java are buried within the java.awt.image package
• Image Processing (1073.21 KB) The International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), sponsored by the IEEE Signal Processing Society, is the premier forum for the presentation of technological advances
• Image Processing Technique (389.01 KB) We present a new method for a large-area graphene layer identification characterized by low cost, high accuracy, high throughput, complete automation, and scalability.
• Image Processing Techniques to Determine Bicycle Flow (317.3 KB) This paper describes parameter detection of bicycle flow based on video processing. The binary ‘Temporal-Spatial image’ (TS image) is used for counting the number of people.
• Impact of dielectric deterioration on the conducted EMI emissions in the DC-DC boost converter (779.29 KB) In this paper the impact of the dielectric materials aging is presented using both circuit simulation and a digital signal processing method based on Wiener filtering.
• Implementation of a Modem for Narrow Bandwidth Channel Using 6713 DSK (185.47 KB) This paper mainly deals with voice transmission over a channel and implemented using 6713 DSK.
• Implementation of Adaptive Digital Controllers on Programmable Logic Devices (292.74 KB) Much has been made of the capabilities of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA’s) in the hardware implementation of fast digital signal processing functions.
• Implementation of Fingerprint Assist Wending Machine with Recharge Option (221.92 KB) In this paper we propose an implementation technique for coffee vending machine with the goal of getting recharge option for customer using fingerprint-based authentication. We implement the proposed design based on AVR microcontroller.
• Improved Estimation of Evolutionary Spectrum based on Short Time Fourier Transforms (1271.03 KB) The present work overcomes the magnitude distortion observed in multi-component non-stationary signals with STFT and MGDF estimation of ES using SD.
• Improved Root-Mean-Square-Gain-Combining for SIMO Channels (381.2 KB) This paper introduces an improvement of RMSGC using two different issues. We found that post-detection and de-noising the received signals improve the performance of RMSGC and lower the threshold SNR.
• Improved Text-Independent Speaker Identification using Fused MFCC & IMFCC Feature Sets (600.04 KB) This paper introduces the Gaussian shaped filter (GF) while calculating MFCC and IMFCC in place of typical triangular shaped bins. The objective is to introduce a higher amount of correlation between subband outputs.
• Incursion Model for Nomenclature of EEG Signals via Wavelet Transform (162.76 KB) The present work describes a computer model to provide a more accurate picture of the EEG signal processing via Wavelet Transform.
• Integrated Circuits (93.53 KB) Integrated circuits (often called “chips”) are the core components of the information technology industry. They are essential components in any digital equipment, and have been incorporated into a great variety
• Intelligent Street Lighting System Using Gsm (441.14 KB) The purpose of this work is to describe the Intelligent Street Lighting (ISL) system, a first approach to accomplish the demand for flexible public lighting systems.
• Interpretation of MPLS Enabled Network with QOS Model (201.16 KB) This paper presents the interpretation of simple IP network, MPLS enabled network, MPLS VPN network, MPLS VPN with QoS enabled network in the form of Delay, Jitter and Packet loss.
• Introduction to Digital Electronics (92.51 KB) This paper briefly explains about topics like how the computers are made, what computers do, Logic OR and AND switches and simple gates.
• Introduction to Numerical Methods and Matlab Programming for Engineers (969.58 KB) This paper introduces concepts of numerical methods and Matlab in an Engineering framework.
• Knowledge Based Embedded System Modeling With Real-Time Response Requirements (686.29 KB) The paper presents a proposal of a hybrid method for embedded system modeling with emphasis on constraints analysis.
• Link Margin Optimization of Free Space Optical Link under the Impact of Varying Meteorological Conditions (138.55 KB) In this paper we have formulated the link margin equation for the performance evaluation of FSO link under varying meteorological conditions.
• Load Balancing By Using Paging Technique for Cellular Network (532.36 KB) In the process of paging schemes are the hierarchical pipeline paging scheme, the hierarchical sequential paging scheme, and the hierarchical blanket paging scheme can be apply to minimize the delay constraint and paging cost.
• logic for SCADA Production Optimization (223.99 KB) This paper describes the versatility and application of IEC 61131 logic as an embedded function of SCADA host software to optimize Production and Asset Management
• Lossy Source Coding (723.22 KB) Lossy coding of speech, high-quality audio, still images, and video is commonplace today. However, in 1948, few lossy compression systems were in service.
• Low Power VLSI Techniques Using Booth Algorithm for Digital Filter for Hearing aid Applications (223.5 KB) In this paper, focusing on the power dissipation at all levels of the design process, from algorithm design to the detailed implementation, however, there has been little work done to understand how to design energy efficient processors.
• Low-complexity Integer Frequency Offset Synchronization for OFDMA System (904.21 KB) This paper presents a integer frequency offset (IFO) estimation scheme for the 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) downlink system.
• Mapper and Demapper for LDPC-Coded Systems (198.67 KB) This paper discusses the choice of suitable quantization characteristics for both the decoder messages and the received samples in LDPC-coded systems using M-QAM schemes.
• Mathematical Formulation and Comparative Analysis of Losses in Solar Cells (777.17 KB) In this paper authors have focused over themathematical formulation of different losses occurring in solar cells.
• MBER Space Time Equalization assisted Multiuser Detection (118.88 KB) A novel minimum bit-error rate (MBER) space–time-equalization (STE)-based multiuser detector (MUD) is proposed for multiple-receive-antenna-assisted space-division multiple-access systems.
• Medical Images Based on Image Processing Chain Optimization (460.09 KB) Segmentation is a crucial task in medical image processing. The accuracy of the segmentation can directly affect other post processing tasks
• Microwave Photonics Mixing (1906.79 KB) This paper provides an overview on the optical techniques used for frequency conversion, i.e. mixing, and gives the advantages and drawbacks of all techniques presented.
• Microwave Photonics: Oppurtunities for Photonic Integration (514.17 KB) This paper reviews the prospects and technologies for integration in microwave photonic systems.An advanced application – photonic THz – generation is used to illustrate the potential value of photonic integration.
• Microwaves in Waveguides (763 KB) Microwaves are commonly used in various aspects of everyday life. In your kitchen you most likely have a microwave oven. A close look at many towers and rooftops around the city will reveal microwave antennas used for telecommunication
• Microwaves in Waveguides (808.68 KB) Microwaves are commonly used in various aspects of everyday life. In your kitchen you most likely have a microwave oven. A close look at many towers and rooftops around the city will reveal microwave antennas used for telecommunication
• Millimeter-Wave Photonic Techniques: Part I-Photonic Generation of Millimeter-Wave Signals (1614.86 KB) In this paper, some new techniques in photonic generation of mm-wave signals for RoF network applications are reviewed, which include phase locking of 2 ultra-quiet lasers, mm-wave source generation using modulation techniques.
• Minimize Logic Synthesis FPGA – Extraction And Substitution Problems (284.99 KB) In this paper we propose a novel application of Walsh spectral transformation to the evaluation of Boolean function correlation.
• MMA Memo 200 Photonic local oscillator for the Millimeter Array (60.59 KB) This paper is to generate the local oscillator signals for the NRAO MMA telescopes by phase locking the difference frequency of two lasers which potentially offers enormous savings in cost, simplicity and higher reliability.
• Mobile Communication (380.28 KB) This paper tries to explain the different ways of communication of young people via mobile devices. We focus on cell phone usage particularly text messaging.
• Mobile Phone Brand Categorization vs. Users’ Security Practices (1072.59 KB) In the present paper, we correlated the brand of mobile phone to users’ security practices, statistically processing a large pool of the responses of 7172 students in 17 Universities of 10 Eastern and Southern Europe countries.
• Mobile Social Networking for Enhanced Group Communication (1594.61 KB) This report is the documentation of my Master Thesis written at Swisscom Strategy and Innovation and the Distributed Computing Group at ETH Zurich from March 1th until August 31th 2008.
• Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Architects for Pervasive Computing (1295.21 KB) A mobile wireless sensor network owes its name to the presence of mobile sink or sensor nodes within the network. The advantages of mobile wireless sensor network over static wireless sensor network are better energy efficiency
• Modeling and Performance prediction of Eureka-147 OFDM based DAB system (250.96 KB) The new digital radio system DAB developed within the Eureka 147 project is a very innovative and universal multimedia broadcast system that has the potential to replace existing AM and FM audio broadcast services in the near future.
• Modelling Process and Optimisation of EMC filters for Power Electronics Applications (204.11 KB) This paper proposes an approach for easy and fast modelling and optimization of power electronics structures. It focuses on the EMC filter design.
• Modified Maximum A Posteriori Algorithm For Iterative Decoding of Turbo codes (392.13 KB) This paper extends the mathematical derivation of the original MAP algorithm and shows log likelihood values can be computed differently.
• Multi User Diversity Evaluation in MIMO HSDPA Downlink Channels (230.53 KB) A multiple transmit antenna, single receive antenna (per receiver) downlink channel with limited channel feedback is considered.
• Multiplier Based On Add And Shift Method ByPassing Zero (425.4 KB) In this paper, a low-power structure for shift-and-add multipliers is proposed. The architec-ture considerably lowers the switching activity of conventional multipliers.
• Multiplier Design and Performance Estimation with Distributed Arithmetic Algorithm (365.93 KB) The proposed CSA tree uses 1’scomplement- based radix-2 modified Booth’s algorithm (MBA) and has the modified array for the sign extension in order to increase the bit density of the operands.
• Music Synthesis with Tactile Feedback (1491.28 KB)
• Nanotechnology (808.68 KB) Nanotechnology is the science of the small;the very small. It is the use and manipulationof matter at a tiny scale.
• Nanotechnology in the public eye: the case of Iran, as a developing country (30.43 KB) Using survey data, public awareness of and attitudes toward nanotechnology are examined in Iran (N = 759).
• Nanotechnology, nanomedicine and nanosurgery (222.46 KB) An exciting revolution in health care and medical technology looms large on the horizon. Yet theagents of change will be microscopically small, future products of a new discipline known as nanotechnology.
• Nanotechnology-based systems for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS (542.78 KB) The HIV/AIDS pandemic is an increasing global burden with devastating health-related and socioeconomic effects. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved life quality and expectancy of infected individuals
• Nanotechnology: A Policy Primer (294.16 KB) The development of this emerging field has been fostered by significant and sustained public investments in nanotechnology R&D. Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward the understanding and control of matter
• Nanotechnology: Its Impact on Human Resources Management & Organizational Leadership (78.26 KB) Nanotechnology will have a profound impact on the world and our society. Among other changes, our personal lifestyles will be transformed and how businesses are operated will be revolutionized.
• New Approaches to Nanofabrication: Molding, Printing, and Other Techniques (1305.9 KB) Nanofabrication” is the process of making functional structures with arbitrary patterns having minimum dimensions currently defined
• New Modeling and Simulation Platform for Communications Systems (756.43 KB) The main goal of this paper is to introduce a new platform for the implementation and simulation of communication systems.
• Non Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement using NIR technique based on occlusion spectroscopy (1117.64 KB) Diabetes is considered to be one of the major health care epidemics of modern era. The determination of blood glucose concentration using the self monitoring blood.
• Non Uniform Sinusoidal Microstrip Leaky-Wave Antenna Radiating Performances in Millimeter Band (538.7 KB) To test the validity of our dispersion analysis, computed radiation patterns are presented and compared in the millimeter band.
• Numerical Analysis of SHB Effects in Laterally- Coupled Distributed Feedback (LC-DFB) Lasers (963.28 KB) In this paper the stability of Laterally-Coupled Distributed Feedback (LC-DFB) Lasers against the Spatial Hole Burning (SHB) effect is analyzed theoretically.
• Numerical Aperture of A Plastic Optical Fiber (134.76 KB) Here We propose a method of calculating numerical aperture by calculating acceptance angle of the fiber.
• OFDM and Fingerprint Authentication for Efficient Airport Security (410.61 KB) This paper presents an idea to improve the efficiency of security checks in airports through the active tracking and monitoring of passengers and staff using OFDM modulation technique and Finger print authentication.
• Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as a New Organic Filler for Electrical Tree Inhibition (420.99 KB) This paper describes the study on the effects of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) microfiller on the tree initiation.
• On Preprocessing of Speech Signals (364.09 KB) In this paper, we present some popular statistical outlier-detection based strategies to segregate the silence/unvoiced part of the speech signal from the voiced portion.
• On the Capacity of Gaussian Weak Interference Channels with Degraded Message sets (99.56 KB) This paper is motivated by a sensor network on a correlated field where nearby sensors share information, and can thus assist rather than interfere with one another.
• On the Design of Compact Dual Band Rejection Filters using Circular Open Loop Resonators (128.88 KB) In this article, we describe the design of band pass and band rejection filter of a circular shape for UWB communication applications.
• Online Communication of Critical Parameters in Powerplant Using ZIGBEE (551.3 KB) In this paper, the conventional wired LAN in power plants is replaced by wireless using zigbee unlike RF.
• Optimal Design of FIR Filter Using Weighted Least Square Error Method (101.15 KB) In this paper, a method for design of FIR Filters is proposed. The design method is based on Weighted Least Square (WLS) optimization.
• Optimized Delay Constrained QoS Routing (406.47 KB) In this paper, we concentrate an algorithm that finds a near-optimal solution fast and we named this algorithm as ODCR, which uses an adaptive path weight function together with an additional constraint imposed on the path cost.
• Orthogonal Functions Approach to LQG Control (374.83 KB) In this paper a unified approach via block-pulse functions (BPFs) or shifted Legendre polynomials (SLPs) is presented to solve the linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control problem.
• Overload Control in a SIP Signaling Network (545.29 KB) The paper proposes an overload control for a SIP signaling network to protect from a performance degradation. Introducing two thresholds in a queue of a SIP proxy server, the SIP proxy server detects a congestion.
• Overview of Automotive Sensors (240.21 KB) An up-to-date review paper on automotive sensors is presented. Attention is focused on sensors used in production automotive systems.
• Overview of Mobile Communication Systems (297.86 KB) Mobile radio communication began with Guglielmo Marconi’s and Alexander Popov’s experiments with ship-to-shore communication in the 1890’s.
• Parallel MAC Based On Radix-4 & Radix-8 Booth Encodings (532.08 KB) This paper presents a combined process of multiplication and accumulation based on radix-4 & radix-8 booth encodings.
• PCI: An Open System with Fast Data Transfers (20.24 KB)
• Performance Analysis of 802.16/e for Image Transmission (371.87 KB) This paper is designed for modeling and simulation performance of image transmission based on Wi-MAX using MATLAB/SIMULINK and hardware implementation via Xilinx Spartan – II based FPGA trainer model. ”
• Performance Analysis of BER Improvement for Multi Carrier CDMA System (371.87 KB) The work derives simulation result through MATLAB code of average bit error rate versus bit energy to noise ratio of MC-CDMA using various pilot symbol estimation and detection techniques which are used for both uplink & downlink MC-CDMA systems
• Performance Analysis of different WDM systems (160.53 KB) We have designed three WDM systems amd observed their response using different dispersion values.
• Performance Analysis of ESPRIT Algorithm for Smart Antenna System (202.56 KB) The performance of DOA using estimation signal parameter via a rotational invariant technique is investigated in this paper.
• Performance Analysis of Superstrate Loaded Patch Antenna and Abstain from Environmental Effects (371.87 KB) Present paper demonstrates, the effect of superstrate loading of different constant on the performance behavior of square patch antenna.
• Performance Comparison of Hybrid Signed Digit Arithmetic in Efficient Computing (176.26 KB) In redundant representations, addition can be carried out in a constant time independent of the word length of the operands.
• Performance improvement of TCP over wireless network (1060.66 KB) TCP’s congestion control suffers from a coarse granularity when applied to the multihop ad hoc environment. To overcome this problem, we propose a rate based wireless congestion control protocol (WCCP).
• Performance Limits of Coded Diversity Methods for Transmitter Antenna Arrays (300.65 KB) Several aspects of the design and optimization of coded multiple-antenna ransmission diversity methods for slowly time-varying channels
• Performance of a Low-Complexity Turbo Decoder and its Implementation on a Low-Cost, 16-Bit Fixed-Point DSP (44.23 KB) This paper presents the bit error rate, packet error rate, and throughput performance of a turbo decoder implemented on the Analog Devices ADSP-2181, a 16-bit fixed-point digital signal processing (DSP) chip
• Performance of Joint Admission and Power Control Algorithms for Cognitive Radio CDMA Networks (251.96 KB) In this paper, we have carried out the simulation study of joint admission and power control (JAPC) algorithms: JAPCMRER and JAPC-MSSRA in presence as well as absence of log-normal shadowing.
• Photonic Switching Technology: Component Characteristics versus Network Requirements (874.34 KB) This paper describes the photonic switching of components that can either switch signals while they are in optical form or that intimately embrace the use of optoelectronic technology in the switching function.
• Plane Strain Deformation of a Poroelastic Half-space in Welded Contact (238.67 KB) The Biot linearized theory for fluid saturated porous materials is used to study the plane strain deformation of an isotropic, homogeneous, poroelastPic half space in welded contact with atransversely isotropic, elastic half space.
• Pollution Maintenance Techniques in Coastal High Voltage Installations (1789.18 KB) In this paper, several techniques usually implemented by utilities, are investigated based on the experienced gained in the case of Crete, a Greek island in southern Europe.
• Power Estimation in 6T Sram Using Recovery Boosting (183.46 KB) The proposed technique that allows PMOS device as memory cell to be put into recovery mode by slight modification.
• Power System Damping Using Hierarchical Fuzzy Multi- Input Power System Stabilizer (509.26 KB) This paper proposes the application of a hierarchical fuzzy system (HFS) based on multi-input power system stabilizer (MPSS) and also Static Var Compensator (SVC) in multi-machine environment.
• Practical Applications of Coding (934.51 KB) Coding applications have grown rapidly in the past several years with cost-effective performance demonstrated on several channels. Convolutional coding with soft-decision
• Programmable Logic Controllers (75.72 KB) Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were invented to replace relay control systems. This papers tells a little about the history of PLC development
• Propagation effects in apertureless near-field optical antennas (172 KB) Since the study of infrared whisker diodes in the 1970s,1 the use of antennas as optical devices has drawn increasing attention from various research fields.
• Proposed design for circular antenna and half ring antenna for UWB Application (365.05 KB) In this paper, Ultra wideband planar circular patch and half circular ring patch antennas are proposed. These newly simulated structures are proposed for fabrication.
• QoS Parameter Analysis on AODV and DSDV Protocols in a Wireless Network (203.97 KB) Two protocols AODV and DSDV simulated using NS-2 package and were compared in terms throughput, end to end delay and packet faction delivery varying number of nodes, speed and time.
• Quality of Service Evaluation using a Combination of Fuzzy C-Means and Regression Model (448.99 KB) In this study, a network quality of service (QoS) evaluation system was proposed.
• QualityAdaptive sharpness enhancement, noise removal of a colour images on the bilateral filtering (583.26 KB) In this paper, we present the Adaptive Bilateral Filter (ABF) for sharpness enhancement and noise removal of a colour images.
• Radiative engineering of plasmon lifetimes in embedded nanoantenna arrays (1.96 MB) It is generally accepted that the lifetimes of the localized plasmonic excitations are inherently controlled by the type of the metals and the shape of the nanoparticles
• Realization of Prime-Length Discrete Sine Transform Using Cyclic Convolution (117.03 KB) This paper presents a new algorithm for the implementation of an N-point prime-length discrete sine transform (DST) through cyclic convolution.
• Reconstruction of Mechanically Recorded Sound by Image Processing (1248.42 KB) Audio information stored in the undulations of grooves in a medium such as a phonograph record may be reconstructed, with no or minimal contact, by measuring the groove shape using precision metrology methods and digital image processing
• Reducing the jitter noise power by oversampling in High speed of dm system (473.53 KB) Both fractional oversampling achieved by leaving some band-edge OFDM subcarriers unused and integral oversampling are considered.
• Reducing Throughput-delay Analysis of Conflict–free Scheduling in Multihop Adhoc Networks (124.67 KB) This study investigates the performance of an analytical approximation for the throughput-delay charac-teristic of a multihop ad-hoc network employing conflict-free time division multiplex scheduling with half-duplex transceivers.
• Reversible Watermarking on Stereo Image Sequences (493.58 KB) In this paper, a new reversible watermarking method is presented that reduces the size of a stereoscopic image sequence while keeping its content visible.
• RF power transport (395.46 KB) This paper deals with the techniques of transport of high-power RF from an RF power source to the cavities of an accelerator
• RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks (640.48 KB) RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) and Wireless sensor network (WSN) are two important wireless technologies that have wide variety of applications and provide unlimited future potentials
• RISC Based Architecture for Customized Cryptographic Instructions (625.5 KB) In this work, we propose processor architecture to perform the cryptographic algorithms that also speeds up the encryption and decryption process of data.
• Robust Preprocessing:Whitening in Context of Blind Source Separation of Instantaneous Mixture of Audio Signals (145.42 KB) In this paper robust preprocessing scheme is suggested for the blind separation of unknown sources, shows significant increase in performance while compared with Fast-ICA without preprocessing.
• Robust Statistics Based Algorithm to Remove Salt and Pepper Noise in Images (1694.49 KB) In this paper, a robust statistics based filter to remove salt and pepper noise in digital images is presented.
• RP-ADAS: Relative Position-Advanced Drive Assistant System based on VANET (GNSS) (716.99 KB) In this paper, we research the GNSS technologies and determine the most appropriate one.
• Satellite Communication Systems Onboard Spanish Oceanographic Vessels (967.52 KB) This article describes the architecture of two broadband satellite communication systems using a Very Small Aperture Terminal which have been installed on two Spanish oceanographic research vessels.
• Scale-Space Volume Descriptors for Automatic 3D Facial Feature Extraction (685.8 KB) An automatic method for the extraction of feature points for face based applications is proposed.
• Seamless Handover between UMTS and GPRS (148.85 KB) We propose a method that mongrelizes 3GPP IMS & MIPv4 to resolve the seamless inter-system handover between UMTS & GPRS with a result of no packet loss & minimum latency.
• Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges (295.61 KB) Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military
• Sensors and Transducers (1110.83 KB)
• Separating Dielectric and Conductor Loss for Rough Striplines (193.06 KB) Knowledge on dielectric constant and loss tangent of printed circuit boards (PCB)in a wide frequency range from a few MHz to tens GHz is important for modern high-speed digital design.
• Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) improvement of atmospheric signals using Variable windows (726.21 KB) This paper presents the effect of window parameter in Dolph-chebyshev, Kaiser, Gaussian and Tukey windows on the Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) of radar returns and proposes an optimum value of window parameters with which data may be weighed.
• Similarity Measures for Automatic Defect Detection on Patterned Textures (477.58 KB) In this paper,we propose similarity-based methods for defect detection on patterned textures using five different similarity measures
• Simulated Annealing algorithm for Data Aggregation Trees in Wireless Sensor Networks (357.98 KB) In this article, we will propose new method in order to build data collection tree in wireless sensor networks by using Simulated Annealing algorithm and we will evaluate its efficiency whit Genetic Algorithm .
• Simulations of Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (76.95 KB) In this paper,CNTFET and types of CNTFET is reviewed and then studied the effect of channel length and chirality on the drain current for planer CNTFET.The Id~Vd curves for planer CNTFETs having different channel length and diameter is plotted.
• Single-Event Transients in Bipolar Linear Integrated Circuits (1155.13 KB) Single-event transients (SETs) in linear integrated circuits have caused anomalies in a number of spacecraft. The consequences of these anomalies have spurred efforts
• SLOT LOADED RMSA WITH INVERTED U SHAPE CUT IN FINITE GROUND PLANE (74.2 KB) This paper presents a comparative study of the radiation characteristics of the microstrip patch geometry on infinite ground plane and finite ground plane.
• Spectrogram Enhancement By Edge Detection Approach Applied To Bioacoustics Calls Classification (1699.95 KB) In this paper, crest factor feature was extracted from the limited dynamic range spectrogram. The developed crest factor image behaved as smoothed version of the spectrogram, at which edges of the involved sound patterns were detected.
• SPEECH RECOGNITION USING SOM AND ACTUATION VIA NETWORK IN MATLAB (282.66 KB) This paper proposes a method of Speech recognition using Self Organizing Maps (SOM) and actuation through network in Matlab.
• Spherical Detection and VLSI Implementation for Multiple-Antenna Systems (1152.18 KB) This paper presents a novel probabilistic spherical detection(P-SD) method which applies the probabilistic-search algorithm to conventional depth-first SD (DF-SD).
• SPLIT MLSE ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION IN SEVERELY FADED RAYLEIGH MIMO CHANNELS (515.48 KB) In this paper, we consider two-user transmission over a Rayleigh frequency selective fading channel, in which the Channel State Information (CSI) is known by the receiver.
• Stability Issues on an Implemented All-Pass Filter Circuitry (470.22 KB) The compensation methods intending to increase the stability of such circuits are discussed in this paper, including the socalled lead-lag compensation technique being treated in detail.
• Statistical Analysis of Different Configurations of Hybrid Doped Fiber Amplifiers (611.24 KB) This paper deals with statistical analysis of different configuration of hybrid amplifier i.e. analysis of TDFA-EDFA configuration and EDFA – TDFA configuration.
• Statistical Approach to Basis Function Truncation in Digital Interpolation Filters (391.57 KB) In this paper an alternative analysis in the time domain is described and the results of the interpolation process are presented by means of functions that are based on the rule of conditional mathematical expectation and the covariance function.
• STEGANOGRAPHY ALGORITHM IN DIFFERENT COLOUR MODEL USING ENERGY ADJUSTMENT (786.45 KB) When color images are processed in different color model for implementing steganographic algorithms, is important to studyquality of the host and retrieved images,it is typically used digital filters, visibly reaching deformed images.
• Streaming Technology in 3G Mobile Communication Systems (305.81 KB) Many portal sites offer streaming audio and video services for accessing news and entertainment content on the Internet from a PC
• STUDY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SECURITY-THROUGHPUT TRADEOFF (277.55 KB) In this paper, a Link Adaptive Encryption scheme is evaluated that adapts to channel variations and enhances the security level of WLANs without making any compromise with the network performance.
• Study and Simulation of Smart antenna using SMI and CGM Algorithm (572.12 KB) This paper presents, conjugate gradient method (CGM) and sample matrix inversion method to adapt the weights vector of the smart antenna system.
• Study of Different Measurement Systems and Design of Circuitry with Intensity Modulated measuring the Velocity of Projectile (74.21 KB) In this paper, the concept of setting up of Different Measurement Systems and Design of Circuitry with Intensity Modulated measuring the Velocity of Projectile is discussed.
• Study of performance of Adiabatic Carry Look Ahead Adder Using Dynamic CMOS Logic (139.98 KB) Performance of adiabatic carry look ahead adder using dynamic CMOS are studied and compared with Adiabatic carry look ahead adder using Pass Transistor.
• STUDY OF SECURITY ISSUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK (59.04 KB) In recent years, the design and implementation of the wireless sensor networks is widely chosen for research as sensor networks enable application that connects the physical world to the virtual world.
• Study on Performance Analysis of CMOS RF front-end circuits for 2.4GHz Wireless Applications (302.05 KB) In this paper, low voltage design concepts and new CMOS front-end circuits for 2.4GHz wireless applications are presented.
• SUBBAND ADAPTIVE THRESHOLDING TECHNIQUE FOR DENOISING MRI IMAGES (171.29 KB) Subband adaptive thresholding technique based on wavelet coefficient along with Neighbourhood Pixel Filtering Algorithm (NPFA) for noise suppression of Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) is presented in this paper.
• Synthesis&properties of Boron dopedZnO thin films by sprayCVDtechnique at low substrate temperature (554.36 KB) This paper investigates the dopant concentration of Boron, at low substrate temperature of 473 K produce both the high carrier concentration as well as maximum transparency.
• System Concept for Low Analog Complexity and High-IF Superposition Heterodyne Receivers (567.68 KB) In this article we propose an analog front-end with high in- termediate frequency and which utilizes additive mixing instead of multiplicative mixing.
• Tara Kernel Fuzzy Clustering for a Robust Adaptive Threshold Algorithm based on Level Set Method (508.45 KB) Our method is good for detecting large and small images concurrently. It is also efficient to denoise and enhance the responses of images with low local contrast can be detected.
• Technical and Economic Assessment for Installing Micro-CHP in Residential Homes (461.61 KB) In this paper, the sensitivity of mass adoption to a broad range of variables, including technical parameter values, economic data and household characteristics, is being researched.
• Telecom Voice Traffic Prediction for GSM using Feed Forward Neural Network (163.14 KB) The study in this paper concern predicting the voice traffic (Erlang) of mobile network at busy hour( 5 to 7 pm) of a day which is nonlinear & dynamic.
• Temperature Independent Band Gap Reference Voltage Using Regulated Cascode Current Mirror Structure (171.95 KB) The main design criteria for this project is to achieve PSRR above 60dB and a variation less than 3% resulting from temperature changes between 27ºC and 85ºC.
• TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION FOR TRAVERSABILITY ANALYSIS FOR AUTONOMOUS ROBOT NAVIGATION IN UNKNOWN NATURAL TERRAIN (597.56 KB) The purpose of this paper is to develop a terrain classification algorithm is proposed based on extracting textural features from terrain image obtained by using vision sensors.
• TEST DATA COMPRESSION BASED ON GOLOMB CODING AND TWO-VALUE GOLOMB CODING (421.3 KB) In this paper, we discuss test data compression and decompression method based on variable length Golomb codes and 2-V Golomb Codes for test data.
• The Era of Global Standard for SCADA Substation Automation (106.27 KB) This paper brings out the current trend in communication & systems in Substation Automation IEC61850 Standard along with its benefits for improving Quality and Reliability of the Power System.
• The Market for Control System Integrators (295.72 KB) With the exception of many articles in industry trade journals such as Control Engineering, InTech and Control Design, and a study by Tom Bullock1, there has been no industry wide attempt to clearly define what a professional Control System
• The Microcontroller Idea Book (41.55 KB)
• THE NEW ADAPTIVE ACTIVE CONSTELLATION EXTENSION ALGORITHM FOR PAR MINIMIZATION (165.73 KB) In this paper, the Peak-to-Average Ratio reduction in OFDM systems is implemented by the Adaptive Active Constellation Extension (ACE) technique which is more simple and attractive for practical downlink implementation purpose.
• The PCI Bus is a Better Solution for Every Application (17.65 KB)
• The PCMCIA Standard: Compact, Durable and Portable (17.75 KB)
• Transform-Domain Rate-Distortion Optimization Accelerator for H.264/AVC Video Encoding (401.6 KB) In this paper, a transform-domain rate-distortion optimization accelerator based on fast SSD (FSSD) and VLC-based rate estimation algorithm is proposed.
• Transmission of Digital Information using OFDM (501.63 KB) In order to understand more about OFDM technique, in this paper we have studied and simulated about the process of sending the digital data/information with 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) OFDM.
• Trends in nanotechnology patents (165.89 KB) The papers that reported the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope in 1981 and the atomic force microscope in 1986 have been credited in part with ‘openingthe doors to the nanoworld
• Truncated Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with H and U Slot for Broadband (72.18 KB) In this paper we present a novel approach to improve the bandwidth of Microstrip patch antenna using thick substrate and by inserting U slot and H slot in the Truncated rectangular microstrip antenna
• U.S. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS (601.69 KB) Instantaneous worldwide communications, connecting all nations, has been a dream of mankind for ages. Until the development of technologies to build, launch and operate artificial earth satellites
• ULTRA WIDE BAND RADAR BASED BREAST CANCER DETECTION (286.04 KB) In this paper comparing the performance of both stacked patch and wide slot antenna used for the purpose of breast cancer detection.
• Ultrasonic Bonding for MEMS Sealing and Packaging (986.54 KB) The feasibility of ultrasonic bonding for hermetic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) packaging has been demonstrated utilizing the solid phase vibration and weldingprocess to bond two elements rapidly at low temperature.
• UNDERGROUND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CHANNEL AND SIMULATION USING 0.3GMSK (334.42 KB) The model aims at adding correction factors to the available outdoor and indoor propagation models such as Okumara-hata model, cost231 model, ITU indoor propagation models etc.
• Understanding Microwaves (763 KB)
• Understanding Programmable Automation Controllers (523.71 KB) Implementing a modern industrial application can present a challenging and sometimes daunting mix of requirements. For example, it is well understood that a typical control system must interface with signals
• Understanding Safety-Isolation Rules And Testing (147.31 KB)
• Uniform Overlapped Multi-Carrier PWM for a Six-Level Diode Clamped Inverter (1261.99 KB) Here new carrier-overlapped phase-disposition or sub-harmonic sinusoidal pulse width modulation & also the carrier- overlapped phase-disposition space vector modulation schemes for a 6-level diode-clamped inverter topology are proposed.
• UNRESTRAINED MEASUREMENT OF ARM MOTION BASED ON WEARABLE WIRELESS SENSOR (991.99 KB) To overcome this limitation, a wearable wireless sensor network using accelerometers has been developed in this paper to determine the arm motion in the sagittal plane.
• Using Serial EEPROMs: Part 1 (211.93 KB)
• Using Teager Energy Cepstrum and HMM distances in Automatic Speech Recognition (535.73 KB) In this study, the use of silicon NAM (Non-Audible Murmur) microphone in automatic speech recognition is presented. NAM microphones are special acoustic sensors, which are attached behind the talker’s ear .
• Variational Level Set Formulation and Filtering Techniques on CT Images (136.83 KB) This paper aims at studying the level set segmentation technique using Variational Level Set Formulation techniques without reintialisation with various filtering methods applied on biomedical images.
• Vision Based Intelligent Fire Detection System (565.83 KB) The proposed method analyzes the frame-to- frame changes of specific low-level features describing potential fire regions.
• VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF PARALLEL MULTIPLIER– ACCUMULATOR BY RADIX-2 BOOTH ALGORITHM (356.85 KB) A new architecture of multiplier-and accumulator (MAC) for high-speed arithmetic. By combining multiplication with accumulation and devising a hybrid type of carry save adder (CSA), the performance was improved.
• VLSI Design of Low Power Booth Multiplier (599.42 KB) Continuous advances of microelectronic technologies make better use of energy, encode data more effectively, transmit information more reliable, etc.
• VLSI Implementation of Discrete wavelet Transform with a Fixed Booth Multiplier (231.64 KB) The proposed PEB circuit is derived from theoretical computation, Instead of exhaustive simulations and heuristic compensation strategies that tend to introduce curve-fitting errors and exponential-grown simulation time.
• VSC BASED HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR THE INTEGRATION OF WINDFARM INTO GRID (253.67 KB) This paper presents the design and control of voltage source converter based HVDC system for integration of wind farms in to AC grid.
• Waveguides (1494.85 KB) Waveguides, like transmission lines, are structures used to guide electromagnetic waves from point to point. However, the fundamental characteristics of waveguide and transmission line waves
• When the Lights Go Out: LED Failure Modes (564.56 KB)
• WIDE BAND DUAL FREQUENCY CIRCULAR SLOT ANTEENA WITH RECTANGULAR STUB (157.78 KB) The paper presents design and study of the performance of simple circular slot antenna, fed by microstrip line.
• WIDE BANDWIDTH TRIANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION (229.31 KB) This paper presents a bandwidth enhancement using slot geometry for the feed line matching is proposed and experimentally studied.
• WIDEBAND RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH PARASITIC PATCHES (115.35 KB) In this paper, the conventional microstrip antenna is replaced by a configuration which consists of a rectangular microstrip antenna with a directly coupled patch and two gap coupled parasitic patches to achieve a wide bandwidth.
• WIDEBAND STAR-SHAPED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA (350.84 KB) A new wideband and small size star shaped patch antenna fed capacitively by a small diamond shape patch is proposed.
• Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Monitoring (808.68 KB) This chapter provides a framework of the methodical steps and considerations required when designing and deploying a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to a given application. A real example is used to demonstrate WSN deployment in action.
• Wireless Sensor Network Security: A Survey (273.72 KB) As wireless sensor networks continue to grow, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. Because sensor networks may interact with sensitive data and/or operate in hostile unattended environments
• Wireless Sensor Networks (1924.84 KB) Smart environments represent the next evolutionary development step in building, utilities, industrial, home, shipboard, and transportation systems automation.
• ZIGBEE BASED MINE SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEM WITH GSM (319.88 KB) The purpose of this study is to propose a solution suitable to mine wireless communication, safety monitoring, give a proof to the further study.
• ZUC STREAM CIPHER USING FEEDBACK CARRY SHIFT REGISTER (175.13 KB) This paper addresses the usage of FCSR in place of LFSR in a stream cipher. To demonstrate the usage ZUC stream cipher is taken as example in this paper.
• Fundamentals of lambda tuning This paper deals with bump test and closed loop performance.
• How to select a VFD This paper gives a detailed explanation on variable frequency drive.
• Inside Machines: PC versus PLC: Comparing control options This paper analyze and compare the characteristics that could differentiate the two technologiesPC and PLC.
• IT vs. OT: Bridging the divide This paper explains about the IT vs OT.
• Multi-touch improves data analysis This paper explains the benefits of multi-touch improves data analysis.
• PID math demystified, part 2 This paper explains the PID algorithm.
• PID math demystified, part 1 This paper explains about the PID math.
• PID math demystified, part 3: More on derivative control This paper explains the derive control of PID math.
• PLC vs. PAC This paper explains differences between the PLC and PAC.
• Real-time traffic speeds on South African roads: the technology, applications and possibilities This paper explains about the GPS based vehicle tracking.
• Safety and control in collaborative robotics This paper explains the new types of collaborative robots can be safely implemented.
• Selecting the right SCADA technology This paper deals with secure viewer and web-based thin client.
• Temperature sensors: Make the right choice, RTD vs. TC This paper compares the difference between RTD vs TC.
• Tuning thermal PID loops This article presents the brief analysis on the tuning thermal PID loops.
• Understanding SIS industry standards This paper explains the SIS industry standards.
• Why you need data-rich controllers This paper explains about the need data-rich controller.
• 9 Way Clap Switch Circuit This article explains about the appliances in your home devoid of getting off from your bed.
• 12V to 24V DC Converter Circuit This article explains about the output voltage whose magnitude is just double the supplied input voltage. 
• 8-bit Digital to Analog converter (DAC) This article explains about the simple solutions of 8-bit Analog to Digital converter.
• All About Microprocessors This article explains about the evolution and specification of Microprocessor.
• Audio Equalizer Circuit This article explains about the  altering tune in to different pitch wtihout any loss in it.
• Auto Night Lamp Using High Power LED This article explains about the Automatic switching of light using High Power LED.
• Automatic Door Bell With Object Detection This article explains about the automatic doorbell which rings as soon as a person arrives at our place.
• Automatic Railway Gate Controller with High Speed Alerting System This article explains about the operation and control of an unmanned railway gate in proper manner in order to avoid the accidents in the unmanned railway crossing.
• Automatic Washroom Light Switch This article explains about the Automatic turn ON and turn OFF Light switch in our Washroom.
• Automatic Street Light Controller Circuit Using Relays and LDR This article explains about the Automatic street Light Controller.
• Automatic Plant Irrigation System This article explains about watering plants automatically without any human interference.
• Auto Turnoff Soldering Iron Circuit This article explains about the protection of soldering iron from getting damaged.
• BJT switches This article explains about the Bipolar Junction Transistor and its Configurations.
• Basics and Types of Diodes This article explains about the basic function and types of Diodes.
• Basics, Types and Applications of Transistors This article explains about the basic fucntion and its type of Transistor.
• Breadboard Basics and Connections This article explains about the Breadboard connections and its configuration.
• Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR This article explains about the Charger circuit for Battery Using SCR.
• Batteries Types and How to Increase Battery Life This article explains about the working principle and its type.
• Battery Powered Portable Light This article explains about the Battery Powered Portable Light.
• Boolean Algebra Calculator This article explains about the Portable Boolean Algebra Calculator.
• Active mode operation This article explains the Active Operation Mode.
• An analogy for divided feedback This article describes an analogy for divided feedback.
• Averager and summer circuits This article describes an averager and summer circuits.
• Zener diodes This article confers the Zener diodes.
• Voltage to current signal conversion This article explains the Conversion process from Voltage to Current.
• Band theory of solids This article describes the Band theory of solids.
• Bipolar junction transistors This article breifs the Bipolar junction transistors.
• BJT quirks This article describes about the BJT quirks.
• Building a differential amplifier This article breifs the building a differential amplifier.
• Clamper circuits This article breifs about the Clamper circuits.
• Clipper circuits This article describes about the Clipper circuits.
• Computational circuits This article explains the construction of Computational circuits.
• Current mirrors This article explains the Current mirrors.
• Differentiator and integrator circuits This article describes the Differentiator and integrator circuits.
• Diode ratings This article describes the Ratings of Diode.
• Diode switching circuits This article describes the Diode switching circuits.
• Divided feedback This article affords the Divided feedback.
• Electrons and holes This article offers the Electrons and holes.
• Electrostatic discharge This article explains about the Electrostatic discharge.
• Feedback This article affords the concept of feedback.
• Field effect controlled thyristors This article explains the Field effect controlled thyristors.
• Gas discharge tubes This article breifs the Gas discharge tubes.
• Inductor commutating circuits This article explains the pulses of high voltage produced when direct current through an inductor is interrupted.
• Input and output coupling This article confers the Input and output coupling.
• Insulated gate field effect transistors (MOSFET) This article describes the Insulated gate field effect transistors (MOSFET).
• Junction field effect transistors This article breifs the Junction field effect transistors.
• Junction diodes This article describes the Junction diodes.
• Meter check of a diode This article explains the Meter check of a diode.
• Negative feedback This article breifs about the Negative feedback.
• Positive feedback This article affords the concept of Positive feedback.
• Pulse width modulation This article breifs the Pulse width modulation.
• Quantum devices This article describes about the Quantum devices.
• Rectifier circuits This article affords the Rectifier circuits.
• Semiconductor devices in SPICE This article offers the Semiconductor devices in SPICE.
• Single ended and differential amplifiers This article explains the ease way of drawing complex circuit diagrams.
• Superconducting devices This article explains the Superconducting devices.
• The common base amplifier This article affords the common base amplifier.
• The common collector amplifier This article explains the common collector amplifier.
• The common emitter amplifier This article describes the common emitter amplifier.
• The instrumentation amplifier This article explains about the instrumentation amplifier.
• The operational amplifier This article describes the concept of operational amplifier.
• The P-N junction This article explains the combination of P-N Junction.
• The Shockley Diode This article confers the basic configuration and operation of Shockley Diode.
• The silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) This article explains the Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR).
• The silicon controlled switch (SCS) This article describes the Silicon controlled switch (SCS).
• The TRIAC This article confers the basic configuration and operation of TRIAC.
• The triode This article explains the configuration of triode.
• Thyristors This article offers the conceprt invovled in Thyristors.
• Transistor ratings and packages This article explains the Transistor ratings and packages.
• Valence and crystal structure This article explains the structure of Valence and crystal.
• Voltage multipliers This article explains about the Voltage multipliers.
• Simple AF Amplifier This article breifs about the Simple AF Amplifier.
• Car Parking Guard Circuit Using Infrared Sensor This artice breifs about the Car Parking Guard Circuit Using Infrared Sensor.
• Characteristics and Working of Half Wave Rectifier This article explains about the characteristics and working of Half Wave Rectifier.
• Characteristics and Working of P-N Junction Diode This article explains the working principle and characteristics of P-N Junction Diode.
• Clap Switch Circuit for Devices This article affords the way to Turn ON and OFF the device without penny shifting from your space.
• Construction of Basic Logic Gates using NOR Gate This article explains the Basics and Constructions of Logic Gates.
• Continuity Tester With Melody This article describes the techniques to find the shortage of wiring in circuits.
• Counting type ADCs This article explains the common Analog to Digital convert mechanism.
• Curtain Opener and Closer Circuit This article explains the Automatic Curtain Opener and Closer Circuit.
• De-bouncing circuits This article explains the most common snag occurs in any circuit whereas the input is from mechanical switch.
• Design of Basic Logic Gates using NAND Gate This article explains the basic Logic Gate design using NAND Gate.
• Difference Between Microprocessor and Microcontroller: This article explains the difference in between Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
• Different Types of Capacitors This article explains the different types of Capacitors.
• Digital (5hz to 500 Khz) Frequency-Meter This article explains how to trace out and debug the electronic circuits.
• Electronic Letter Box Project Circuit This article affords the way to idicate the letter in the letter box with the aid of blinking outside of it.
• Field Effect Transistor (FET) Types and Features This article explains about the Field Effect Transistor (FET) and Features.
• Fire Alarm with Siren Sound This article breifs the Fire Alarm with Siren Sound.
• FM Bugger Circuit This article explains about the FM Bugger Circuit.
• Function Generator Using IC 741 Op-Amp This article explains the Function Generator Using IC 741 Operational Amplifier.
• Home Automation System and Its Applications This article explains about the Home Automation System and Its Applications.
• Hot Water Geyser Controller Circuit This article explains the Automatic Turn OFF the geyser machine when the hot water is ready for bathing.
• How 555 Timer IC Testing Circuit Works? This article explains How 555 Timer IC Testing Circuit Works.
• How to Make Solar Cell and Its Working This article explains about Solar Cell working principle and its type.
• How to Make Solar Cooker and Its Working This article explains about Solar Cooker working principle and its type.
• How to Make Solar Water Heater and Its Working This article explains about Solar Water Heater and its working principle.
• Intelligent Unambiguous Night Lamp Switcher This article explains how to make a domestic lights turns ON automatically when it is dark.
• Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051 This article describes the Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051.
• Introduction to UM66 and Different Testing Circuits This article explains the  UM66 CMOS Technology and its Different Testing Circuits.
• IR Remote Control Switch This article describes the low cost and easily constructable IR Remote Control Switch. 
• Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit This article describes the Lead Acid Battery Charger Circuit.
• LED Christmas Lights Circuit This article explains the Automatic turn ON and turn OFF of Christmas tree lights,even the user is faraway from home and save your electricity bill.
• LED Lamp Dimmer Circuit This paper explains the ideas on the LED Lamp Dimmer Circuit.
• LED Running Lights Circuit This paper explains the ideas on the LED Running Lights Circuit.
• Luggage Security Alarm Project Circuit This article explains how to protect our luggage during a travel by means of Security alarm.
• Metal Detector Circuit This article explains the indication of any metal devices carried by the person in common places.
• Mobile Jammer Circuit This article explains the Mobile Phone Jammer Circuit.
• Mobile Phone Battery Charger with Emergency Light A very easy circuit of “variable power supply and charger” is being explained here.
• Modulation and its type This article explains the modulation and its type.
• Monostable Multivibrator Circuit Operation This article explains about the Monosatble Multivibrator and its type.
• Morse Code Generator Circuit and Its Applications This article explains about Morse Code Generator and its Applications.
• Motion Detector Circuit This article briefs about Motion Detector Circuit.
• Multiplexer and Demultiplexer This article explains the basic function of Multiplexer and Demultipolexer.
• Insulated-gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET) This article describes the Junction field-effect transistors.
• Panic Alarm System Circuit and Its Working The working principle of a panic alarm system circuit is discussed in this paper.
• PIC Microcontroller and Its Architecture This article explains the Architecture of PIC Microcontroller. 
• Polarity cum Continuity Tester Circuit This article confers the polarity of components with the aid of continuity tester.
• Police Siren Circuit using NE555 Timer This article breifs the Police Siren Circuit using NE555 Timer.
• Pull Pin Security Alarm System This article explains how to get alerted when anybody picks our pockets or bags. 
• PWM LED Dimmer Using NE555 This article explains the factor to control  speed of motor Using NE555.
• Rain Alarm Project This article explains the Rain alarm project.
• Reaction Timer Game Circuit This article describes the Reaction Timer Game Circuit and its working principle.
• Real Time Clock (RTC) Interfacing PIC18F This article explains the track of current time using PIC18F.
• Remote Operated Alarm Circuit Thisa article explains the Remote Operated Alarm Circuit.
• Resistor Color Code and Types of Resistors This article explains the color code and basic function of Resistor.
• Resistors, Volt and Current Thia article explains the most basic componenets of electronics.
• Security Alarm Circuit This article explains the circuir configuration to guard your precious documents as well as jewellery from intruders or theft. 
• Semiconductor Diodes This article describes about the Semiconductor Diodes.
• Simple 100W Inverter Circuit This article is proposed to explain the main function of the inverter is to convert DC to AC and step-up transformer.
• Simple Fire Alarm Circuits at Low Cost This article explains the Simple Fire Alarm Circuits.
• Simple FM Radio Jammer Circuit This article explains the Simple FM Radio Jammer Circuit.
• Simple LED Blinking Circuits This article explains the Simple LED Blinking circuits. 
• Smart Card and Its Applications This article explains about the Embedded Integrated Chip-Smart Card.
• Solar Energy Advantages and Disadvantages This article describes the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy.
• Solar Inverter This article explains the working principle of Solar Inverter.
• Solar Panel Installation and Working This article explains the Working principle of Solar Panel Installation.
• Soldering Techniques and Tips This article breifs the Techniques Involved in Soldering.
• Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation This article describes the Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation.
• SR Flip Flop Design with NOR and NAND Logic Gates This article explains the SR Flip Flop with NOR and NAND Logic Gates.
• Thermistor Temperature Sensing Alarm This article explians the control measures and monitoring state of temperature.
• Thermistors Types and Applications This article explains the fucntions of Thermistor and its type.
• Transistor as Amplifier This article breifs about the Transistor acts as Amplifier.
• Types and Applications of Microcontrollers This article confers the Application and types of Microcontroller.
• Types and Facts of Solar Energy This article explains the Facts and types in Solar Energy.
• Types of Interrupts and How to Handle Interrupts This article explains the Types of Inteerupts and its Handling Process.
• Unbiased Digital Dice with LEDs This article explains the way to solve the problem of  a conventonla dice.
• Understanding 555 Timer This article explains the 555 Timer as Astable Multivibrator.
• Understanding 7805 IC Voltage Regulator This article mainly concentrates on the 7805 IC voltage regulator.
• USB Mobile Charger Circuit This article explains the mobile charging facility from USB outlet in the Laptop and PC.
• Variable Voltage Power Supply from Fixed Voltage Regulator This paper describes the operation of the variable voltage power supply with a circuit diagram.
• Water Level Alarm Using 555 Timer This article explains the water level detecting alarm Using 55 Timer.
• Water Level Indicator Project This article explains the simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in any of the container.
• Wireless Switch Circuit using CD4027 This article explains the Wireless Switch Circuit Using CD4027
• Working and Benefits of Inverter for Home This article explains the benefits and working function of Inverter for Home.
• Working and Benefits of Solar Power Plant This aticle describes the Benefits and working of Solar Power Plant.
• Conductors insulators and electron flow This article affords the Conductors insulators and electron flow.
• Conventional versus electron flow This article confers the Conventional versus electron flow.
• Early tube history This article explains about History of Early Tube.
• Meter check of a transistor This article describes the Meter check of a transistor.
• Microprocessor programming This artcile breifs about the Microprocessor programming.
• Microprocessors This article describes the concept of Microprocessor.
• Monostable multivibrators This article explains about the Monostable multivibrators.
• The NOT gate This article offers the concept of NOT gate.
• The transistor as a switch This article explains how a Transistor acts as Switch.
• Small Robot Drive Trains This article introduces to beginner the different techniques used to build the chassis and drive trains of relatively small robots.
• Antenna Types This article describes about the Antenna and its Type.
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulations This article explains the On-off keying and Power spectra of BFSK.
• Arithmetic and Lempel-Ziv Coding  This article explains about the basic principles of arithmetic coding and Decode a Lempel-Ziv coded bit stream.
• Basic Building Blocks & Temporal Redundancy This article describes the block-diagram of a hybrid video codec, defines the intra-coded and inter-coded frames.
• Basic definitions and requirements This paper breifs the synchronization between media objects and Logical Data Units (LDU) with examples.
• Basic Input/Output Operations This paper explains about the Basic Operation of Input & Output.
• Basic NPN and PNP Transistor Operation This paper explains about the two pn junctions must be correctly biased with the externally applied dc voltages.
• Basic of Audio Coding This article affords the basic requirements of low bit-rate audio coders, critical bands of auditory response system signal to mask ratio (SMR) and noise to mask ratio (NMR).
• Basics of content based image retrieval This paper describes the algorithm for extraction of index keys from JPEG compressed image and outline technique for computing mosaiced images.
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation This paper describes the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Power Spectrum for BPSK Modulated Signal.
• Block based motion estimation algorithms This paper determines the computational complexity of each matching criterion and 2-D logarithmic search strategy.
• Block Codes This article breifs the Hamming Code & Decoder and Reed-Solomon Codes.
• Cable Conductor Materials This article explains about the pros and cons of copper and aluminium as conductor materials.
• Cable Construction This article gives a brief exposition on the construction of typical low voltage, medium / high voltage and instrumentation cables.
• Cable Insulation Materials This article explains about the  materials that are typically used for cable insulation.
• Cable Reference Installation Methods This article explains about the various methods of cable reference installation.
• Cable Sheath Materials This article explains about the materials that are typically used for cable inner (bedding) and outer sheaths.
• Carrier Synchronization This article explains the Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation for BPSK and Error Performance of coherent QPSK.
• Characteristics & Applications of Silicon Controlled Rectifiers, SCR (Thyristors) This paper explains about the four layers of alternating P and N-type material.
• Code Acquisition This paper breifs about the Basics of Code Acquisition Schemes and Classification of Code Acquisition Schemes.
• Coded Modulation Schemes This article confers the concept of Trellis Code Modulation and Set partitioning in TCM.
• Coding for discrete sources This paper describes the Variable length coding and Source Coding Theorem.
• Convolutional Codes This article explains about the Basic concepts of Convolutional Codes, various representation diagram and Viterbi Algorithm.
• Crystal Oscillators and Applications This paper explains about the principles of oscillation is an oscillator and their application.
• Delta Modulation (DM)  This article describes about the Principles, features of Delta Modulation and Condition for avoiding slope overloading.
• Delta Modulation and DPCM This paper describes the encode and decode a sequence of pixels through Delta Modulation.
• Differential Encoding and Decoding This paper describes the Differential Encoding of BPSK Modulation (DEBPSK) and Differential Coding for QPSK.
• Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) This article explains about Calculation of SQNR, One tap predictor and DPCM modulation and de-modulation.
• Digital Signal Processing This paper explains about the input of the DAC is the digital signal from the Processor and the output of DAC is a continuous signal.
• Diode Limiting and Clamping Circuits This paper explains about the diode limiters and the clamping circuits in detail.
• Diodes This paper explains about the diode circuits and the resistor circuits VI characteristics.
• Discrete  Cosine Transforms This article explains the advantages of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) over Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
• EBCOT Algorithm This paper discusses about how the truncation points are selected in EBCOT bit-stream.
• EMC Antenna Parameters and Their Relationships This paper explains about the EMC Antenna Parameters and Their Relationships.
• Format and encoding This article affords the flow diagram for encoding an audio frame and the bit allocation algorithm.
• Full Wave Rectifiers Theory and Circuit Operation This paper explains about the Full-wave rectifiers are used for various electronic applications.
• Functions of Random Variables This article explains the cdf of function of a random variable and Formula for determining the pdf of a random variable.
• H.261 andH.263 Standards This article discusses the structure and prediction modes of macroblocks in H.261 andH.263 Standards.
• Video Coding Standards – H.264 standard This article lists the improved prediction methods adopted in H.264.
• Half Wave Rectifiers Theory and Circuit Operation This paper explains about the power supplies thatoperate from an ac voltage source, rectifiers are used.
• How LASER Beam Welding Works, LASER Beam Welding Process This paper explains about the laser beam welding setup.
• How to Install a Sub Panel This article explains about How to Install a Sub Panel.
• Image Compression Systems This article distinguish between lossless and lossy image compression and measures the quality of reconstructed images.
• Information Theoretic Approach to Digital Communications This article breifs the Scope of Information Theory and defines how to measure of self, Entropy and average mutual information.
• Interrupts, timers and counters This article discusses the role of Interrupts, timers and counters.
• Introduction to 8051 microcontrollers This article deals with the Introduction to 8051 microcontrollers.
• Introduction to Carrier Modulation This article breifs about the Basic concepts of Narrowband Modulation, Coherent and Non-Coherent Demodulation.
• Introduction to Digital Communications This article breifs the Schematic description of a representative digital communication system and Typical transmission loss for several physical media.
• Introduction to Error Control Coding This article describes the Categorizes of error control processes and Factors describing FEC codes.
• Introduction to Random Variables This article explains the Properties of cumulative distribution function, probability density function and Joint Distribution.
• Introduction to Spread Spectrum Modulation This paper describes the Types of spread spectrum (SS) systems and Features of Spreading Codes.
• Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing This article breifs about the Unbiased estimation based on minimum variance, Crammer – Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) and Mean Square Error (MSE).
• JPEG-2000-Architecture and Features This paper breifs about shortcomings, scope and objectives of JPEG-2000.
• JPEG-2000-Error Resiliency This article describes the three major error conditions and packet & periodic resynchronization approach.
• JPEG-2000-Region of Interests Coding This article explains the basic principle of scaling based method for ROI encoding and limitations of scaling based method in arbitrarily shaped ROI.
• Logarithmic Pulse Code Modulation (Log PCM) and Companding This article breifly explains about A-law and μ–law Companding and reason for logarithmic PCM.
• Lossless Compression: Huffman Coding This article explains the Shannon’s Coding theorem for noiseless channels.
• Matched Filter This article affords the SNR maximization and minimization of average symbol error probability and Schwartz’s Inequality.
• Maximum Likelihood Detection and Correlation Receiver This article explains the Principle of Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection, Correlation and Vector receiver.
• Migrating from 8051 to AVR microcontrollers This article breifly explains the process of Migrating from 8051 to AVR microcontrollers.
• Mineral Insulated Cables This article explains about the construction and usage of mineral insulated cables.
• Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Modulation This article describes the Demodulation of MSK Signal and Differential Detector.
• Video Coding Standards – MPEG-1 standards This paper enlists the set of constrained parameters in MPEG-1 and macroblock modes supported by MPEG-1.
• Video Coding Standards –  MPEG-2 standards This article discusses the profiles and the levels supported by MPEG-2.
• Video Coding Standards –  MPEG-4 standards This paper discusses the video object planes, video objects and video object layers and basic philosophy of sprite coding.
• Multi-resolution Analysis: Discrete Wavelet Transforms This article explains about how to Compute DWT and inverse DWT through subband coding and decoding.
• Multi-resolution Analysis: Theory of Subband Coding This article determines the  z-transforms of reconstructed signal, downsampled and upsampled signals.
• Multiple Access Techniques and Cellular CDMA This article explains the Basic multiple access techniques, Use of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) in cellular mobile communications.
• Noise This paper describes the Various other forms of Noise and Shannon’s channel capacity equation and its interpretation.
• Nyquist Filtering and Inter Symbol Interference this article describes the Practical improvisation of ideal Nyquist filter and Raised Cosine (RC) filter and Root–Raised Cosine (RRC) filtering.
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) This article breifs about the Effect of the transmission channel on OFDM and basic concept of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
• Orthogonality This article breifs the Basic concept of orthogonality and orthonormality, Slope overload distortion and Condition for avoiding slope overloading.
• Lossless Image Compression Systems – Other Coding Techniques This article explains the basic principles of lossless predictive coding and Compare the entropies of the original image and the error image.
• Other fast search motion estimation algorithms This article determines about computation complexity of the above algorithms and Compare between FSBM and fast search motion estimation algorithms.
• Packet architectures and audio-video interleaving This article defines the elements of the packet header and significance of presentation time stamp (PTS) and decoding time stamps (DTS).
• Performance of ASK and binary FSK in AWGN Channel This article explains the Error Performance of Binary FSK and Performance indication for M-ary PSK.
• Performance of BPSK and QPSK in AWGN Channel This article breifs the Bit Error Rate (BER) calculation and Error Performance of coherent QPSK.
• Phase Conversion This paper explains about the Single (1-phase) or multi (3-phase) phase voltage systems are the most common voltage systems used in the power network.
• Phase Converter This paper explains about the rotary and static phase converters.
• Playback  continuity This article breifs the essential condition of continuous playback in real decoders and how synchronization can be carried out using a master stream.
• Polyphase filter implementation This article discusses how a bank of bandpass filters can be realized through windowing and transform.
• Power Cable Failures This article explains about the  root cause of the failure can help prevent future failures. 
• Power Supply Filters and Regulators This paper explains about the obtaining of constant dc output. 
• Psychoacoustic Models This article explains the tonal and non-tonal components from an auditory spectrum and defines masking index, masking function and masking threshold for both tonal and non-tonal components.
• Pulse Code Modulation This paper describes the Principle of Pulse Code Modulation, Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio for uniform quantization.
• Quantization and Preprocessing This article breifly explains about the need of Preprocessing Before Digital Conversion.
• Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation This article breifs about the Generation of Quaternary Phase Shift Keying  and M-ary PSK.
• Multimedia Synchronization – References Model And Specification This article defines the roles of media layer, stream layer, object layer and specification layer.
• Representation of Signals This article explains about the Representation of signals following the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure and Use of signal space for signal detection.
• Resistors This paper explains about the specifications and colour coding of resistors.
• Response of Linear System to Random Processes This article breifs the Time domain analysis of a linear filter for random input and Representation of narrow-band Gaussian noise.
• Semiconductors – Classification, Types, Band Theory This paper explains about the basic building blocks of all electronic circuits are devices having controlled flow of electrons.
• Signals and Sampling Theory This article explains the Nyquist’s sampling theorem and its practical implications and Band pass representation of narrow band signals.
• Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex Communication Channel This paper explains about the simplex, half duplex, full duplex communication channels.
• Sniffing CMOS camera initialization sequence! This article describes the initialization sequence of Sniffing CMOS camera. 
• Solar Panel Basics This article breifs a packaged interconnected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells.
• Solar Power at our Home This article explains about how Solar Power works at our Home.
• Solar tracking unit This article explains the working and construction of Solar Tracking Unit. 
• Some useful Distributions This article explains the various types of distribution method and Generation of Gaussian distributed random numbers using computer.
• SPIHT algorithm This article describes about the basic objectives of Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm and steps involved in SPIHT encoding and decoding algorithm.
• Still Image Compression Standards: JBIG and JPEG This article describes the block diagrams of JPEG encoder and decoder and baseline of JPEG approach.
• Stochastic Processes This article breifly explains about the Statistical Average, Wide sense stationary process, Complex valued stochastic process and Power Density Spectrum of a stochastic process.
• The HF Current Probe: Theory and Application This article describes one of the most valuable tools in the EMC engineer’s “bag of tricks” – the high-frequency current probe.
• The Transistor as an Amplifier This paper explains about the Speculations used for the design of transistor as an amplifier.
• Theory of Quantization This article breifs the quantization error and optimum scalar quantizer design criteria.
• Theory of Wavelets This article discusses the scaling functions and functional subspace of scaling functions at a given scale.
• Thermoplastic This article explains about the thermoplastic and thermosetting.
• Thermoplastic & Thermosetting compounds This article explains about the polyvinyl chloride and the electrical appliances in detail.
• Thyristor – Basic Concepts This paper explains about the thyristor is a controlled rectifier where the unidirectional current flow from anode.
• Time stamping and pack architecture This article explains the block diagram of Digital Storage Medium (DSM) and System Target Decoder (STD)
• Timing Synchronization This article breifly explains about the Error Performance of coherent QPSK and Performance Requirements.
• Transform and Filter banks This paper describes about three layers and four modes of MPEG-1 audio coding.
• Transform Coding & K-L Transforms This article affords the general expressions for forward and inverse transforms, separable and symmetric transforms.
• Triac – Basic Concepts  This paper explains about the triac can be regarded as a “bidirectional thyristor” because it conducts in both directions.
• Turbo Coding This article explains about the Turbo Encoding and Turbo Code Structures and Turbo Product Codes (TCP).
• Use of Capacitor Circuits This paper describes about the uses and types of Capacitor Circuits.
• Video Content Representation This article lists the primitive features used for video concept extraction and evaluation function for video segments.
• Video Sequence Query Processing This paper describes the algorithm for approximate box searching and the query types in a typical video sequence.
• Voltage Multipliers Using Diodes and Capacitors This paper explains about the two types of voltage doublers.
• Zerotree Approach This article explains how to Perform successive approximation quantization (SAQ) on DWT coefficients.
• Alternatives for die separation in Semiconductor Back-end Process This article describes the alternatives for die seperation like back etching, scribe and breakout, laser scribing and slurry sawing.
• Beam Leads This article describes about beam leads.
• Board Failures This article describes about board failures in PCB.
• Bonding to the Chip Face This article describes the  wedge bonds, ball bonding, bond assessment, bonding wires, the paractical bonders, ultrasonic system etc.
• Conductive Resin Alternatives This article describes about the Isotropic Conductive Adhesive (ICA) and Anisotropic Conductive Adhesives (ACAs).
• Crimping This article explains about crimping and some recommendations of crimping.
• Electronic materials and components-A component review This article describes the review of components by looking at those designs with leads that are intended to be soldered into through-holes on boards. 
• Electronic materials and components-Ceramic components This article breifs about some basics of ceramics, Generic manufacture methods and its properties.
• Electronic materials and components-Classes of component This article helps to recognize the specific component and package from the many different types of both. 
• Electronic materials and components-Die bonding materials This article explains about the term ‘die bonding’ describes the operation of attaching the semiconductor die either to its package or to some substrate such as tape carrier for tape automated bonding.
• Electronic materials and components-Film processes for polymers This article explains about Laminating is a process that involves pressing together two or more layers of resin-impregnated fabric, paper, or fibre under heat and pressure to cure and consolidate the stack.
• Electronic materials and components-Inductive components This article breifs about an Inductive components make use of the voltage that is generated when a field changes either on the same piece of wire (self-induction) or in a nearby piece of wire (mutual induction) The level of voltage generated is greatly increased if the wire is wound into a coil, and as much as possible of the magnetic field produced by the conductor is guided through that coil.
• Electronic materials and components-Introduction to components This article breifs aboutb how to recognise different types of electronic components and identify common package formats, but their main aim is that you should understand something of the materials and processes involved in component manufacture.
• Electronic materials and components-Other passive components This article decribes about a complete book in itself, particularly if you add mechanical components such as heat sinks.
• Electronic materials and components-Polymer basics This paper describes about the basics of a polymer (from the Greek ‘poly’, meaning many, and ‘meros’, meaning part) is a long molecule consisting of many small units (‘monomers’) joined together.
• Electronic materials and components-Polymer materials and properties This article describes the epoxies, the most versatile and pervasive of the thermosets, and some common thermoplastic and elastomeric materials.
• Electronic materials and components-Polymer types This article explains a broad field that includes many types of materials which incorporate long chain structures with many repeated units and its type.
• Electronic materials and components-Semiconductor packages This article briefs about a semiconductor ‘back end’ processes in subsequent modules, but you need to understand at least something of the terminology and what is involved in turning a ‘chip’ into a finished package.
• Electronics Manufacture Common processes-Making mouldings This article explains about a process where a resin is placed in a heated mould which is then closed, and heat and pressure are applied, causing the material to flow and fill the mould.
• Electronics Manufacture Common processes-Polymer health and safety issues This article briefs about a range of safety hazards is associated with polymer materials and the processes involved in their use.  
• Electronics Manufacture Common processes-To clean, or not to clean This paper describes about a rosin flux residues were generally perceived, especially by military users, as requiring cleaning, especially with activated fluxes.
• Electronics manufacture-Common processes-Underfilling This article explains the strain is proportional to the distance from the ‘neutral point’ at the centre of the chip, so that joints furthest from the centre are most susceptible to failure, and increasing the size of the chip increases the stress experienced.
• Electronics manufacture-ESD control-Electrostatics explained This article explains about a Static electricity is an everyday phenomenon – there can be few of us who have not experienced a static shock after walking across a room and touching the door knob, or on getting out of a car.
• Electronics manufacture-Intrusive reflow This article explains the reaction of process engineers with a background in reflow soldering to any description of the many methods of applying liquid solder will probably be to throw up their hands in horror! Certainly all these techniques are expensive in equipment or jigs, or costly in labour.
• Electronics manufacture-The In-Circuit Test sequence This article explains about In-Circuit Test comprises several sections, each consisting of a series of tests on individual devices.
• Electronics Materials – Microstructure of surfaces This article explains about Microstructure of surfaces, Grain boundaries, Bonding to surfaces, Diffusion processes and Surface energy and wetting.
• Electronics materials – Stress and its effect on materials This article represents the Modulus of Elasticity (or Young‟s Modulus, or stiffness) of the material.
• Electronics Materials and Components-Electrolytic capacitors This article briefs about a Capacitors with values greater than 1μF are frequently required. The original round paper capacitors needed to be big to achieve this value; ceramic chip capacitors were typically of much lower values.
• Electronics Materials-Coefficient of Thermal Expansion This article briefs the Materials expand because an increase in temperature leads to greater thermal vibration of the atoms in a material, and hence to an increase in the average separation distance of adjacent atoms.
• Electronics Materials-Conductors and insulators This article explains about Conduction of electricity in materials is by means of charge carriers.
• Electronics Materials-Elastic, viscous and viscoelastic materials This article briefs an elastic material obeys Hooke’s law which states, in its simplest form, that the extension or change in length of a piece of material is equal to the force applied multiplied by the elastic (or Young’s) modulus.
• Electronics Materials-Mechanical properties of metals This article explains a material subjected to external forces that tend to stretch it is said to be in tension, whereas forces which squeeze the material put it in compression.
• Electronics Materials-Metals basics This article deals with every aspect of metals, but concentrating on those which will help you understand the teaching on topics such as board metallisation, plating and soldering.
• Electronics Materials-Stress caused by thermal mismatch This article explains the stress analysis of a chip component mounted at opposite ends has parallels with the stresses imposed by the environment on a bridge, and there are benefits from thinking in terms of the ability of both structures to withstand those stresses.
• Electronics Materials-The ‘homologous’ temperature This article explains about the temperature is measured on the Kelvin scale, whose origin is absolute zero (–273ºC).
• ESD control-ESD control during manufacture This article explains the Principles of ESD prevention and Grounding of personnel and safety.
• ESD control-Modelling ESD waveforms This article briefs about an Electronic models of ESD events are important for testing the ESD sensitivity of components and systems.
• Flexible and Flex-Rigid Circuits This article gives Applications, Configurations, Materials, The adhesiveless approach, Process and design issues.
• Gluing Components This article describes about Gluing Components.
• Hermetic Encapsulation This article explains about the hemetic encapsulation.
• High-Density Interconnect This article describes board materials, microvias, via filling and plugging, Practical HDMI implementations.
• Inert Soldering and Insulation – Displacement Connectors This article explains the inert soldering and insulation displacement connectors.
• Introduction to Failure Mechanisms This article describes about the electronic failure reasons for causes and its types.
• Management issues-Benchmarking This article explains A benchmark is defined as a surveyors mark of previous determined position and used as a reference point standard by which something could be measured or judged.
• Management issues-Change management This article explains about adopting new technology or reorganising to meet a challenge.
• Management issues-MRP This article briefs about a MRP is a confusing term because it has two definitions, materials requirements planning and manufacturing resource planning.
• Management issues-Risk management This article explains the practice used to prevent as many losses as possible, and arranging methods of payment for the rest.
• Modelling-Choosing a model This article briefs about a model to help in the design process, it is important that the right type of model is used.
• Modelling-Linear and non-linear models This article explains about a linear and non-linear model uses parameters that are constant and do not vary throughout a simulation.
• Modelling-Pitfalls of modelling This article deals with very easy to fall into the trap of trusting the output of a model without question, when a model is only as good as the person who created the model and entered its parameters.
• Modelling-Representing space and time in a numerical model This article explains about computer-based or to be computed manually, it is important to identify the parameters involved.
• Plastic Encapsulation for Semiconductors This article discusses about the transfer moulding, materials, wire sweep, package warping, and reliabilty issues.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-Hermetic package failure This article discusses about a hermetic package to prevent junction leakage and degradation of transistor gain caused by moisture and contamination.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-Modelling failure rate This article describes about the reliability of a system is the consequence of the reliability of all its parts, electronic and mechanical, not forgetting the reliability of the solder joint itself.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-Moisture absorption This article briefs Moisture absorption will thus have an effect on both packages and on boards – in fact any polymeric material used in assembly.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-Simulating the real world in the test house This article explains about the poorly-designed circuit, and a range of tests has been devised to emulate the life experiences of a product.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-The “real world” This article discusses about Factory conditions are deliberately as consistent as possible, not just to make it more comfortable for the workers, but also to enable the products produced to be tested under known conditions, and thus compared accurately against each other.
• Reliability issues and failure mechanisms-Tin whiskers This article explains about Whiskers are spontaneous filamentary growths which can occur on a variety of metals, including tin, cadmium, zinc, iron and nickel.
• Semiconductor Back-Grinding This article describes about the grinding process and reducing stresses and flaws.
• Semiconductor Die Bonding  This article describes Choice of adhesive, applying adhesive, Dispensing basics, Multi-nozzle tools, Curing the resin, Practical die-bonders.
• Semiconductor Die Separation This article explains the Rationale for sawing, Saw blades, Saw practicalities, Handling and cleaning, Die marking.
• Semiconductor Finishing Processes This article describes the Deflashing, Removing ‘junk’, Plating, Lead forming, Coding.
• Tape Automated Bonding This article describes Chip bumping and TAB tape, Inner lead bonding, Outer lead bonding, Protection and burn-in.
• Thick film technology This article describes about the Thick film materials and Thick film hybrid processes.
• Analogue-to-Digital Converter This article briefs about the Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem and conversion method from Analogue-to-Digital Converter.
• Antenna Characteristics This article explains about the ratio between the amount of energy propagated in these directions compared to the energy that would be propagated if the antenna were not directional (Isotropic Radiation).
• Antenna with Cosecant Squared Pattern This article briefs about an antenna with cosecant squared pattern which are special designed for air-surveillance radar sets. 
• Applying Metal/Sputtering This article describes the sputtering system for applying metal to create semiconductor wafers.
• Automatic Frequency Control This article explains about the radar receiver requires a limited tuning range to compensate for transmitter and local oscillator frequency changes because of variations in temperature and loading.
• Automatic Gain Control Methods This article briefs about a bias voltage that varies with time to the IF amplifiers to control receiver gain-Sensitivity time-control circuits.
• Bistatic Radar Sets This article explains about a bistatic radar consists of separately located (by a considerable distance) transmitting and receiving sites. 
• Concept of Coherence This paper describes the transmitted pulse’s of coherent radar have all defined phase angles to a reference.
• Continuous Wave Radar This article explains about the Continuous Wave Radar which sets transmit a high-frequency signal continuously and the echo signal is received and processed permanently.
• Crossed-Field Amplifier (Amplitron) This article describes about a broadband microwave amplifier that can also be used as an oscillator (Stabilotron) also named as Velocity-modulated Tube.
• Depletion Width This article describes  the electric field in the depletion region as a function of position.
• Didactic Primary Radar This article discusses the basic component of the Sky-Radar teaching system, conceived by the international Sky-Radar consortium and a fully operational radar application, which can be deployed as outdoor application, as well as directly in a classroom. 
• Digital Beamforming This article briefs the Analogue and digital Beam Forming (ABF) means, that the received echo signals from each element of the phased array antenna, are combined at the RF carrier frequency level, digital beam forming (DBF) can be realized at element level or at sub array level.
• Direction-determination This article briefs about the angular determination of the target is determined by the directivity of the antenna. 
• Distance-determination This paper describes about the distance is determined from the running time of the high-frequency transmitted signal and the propagation  c0 and the actual range of a target from the radar is known as slant range. 
• Doped Semiconductor This article explains from the silicon’s crystal structure to discuss how to make doped semiconductors and the mechanics.
• Doppler- Effect This article describes the Doppler- Effect is the apparent change in frequency or pitch when a sound source moves either toward or away from the listener, or when the listener moves either toward or away from the sound source.
• Doppler-Filter This article describes the the Zero Doppler-Filter works similar to the Puls-Pair-Method: a fixed target suppression happens by the phase comparison of the echoes received by at least two pulse periods.
• Double Heterodyning This paper decribes about the basic working principle and block diagram of Double-heterodyne.
• Duplexer This article briefs the Duplexer – Whenever a single antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving, as in a radar system, an electronic switch must be used! Switching systems of this type are called duplexers. 
• Extended Interaction Klystron (EIK) This article briefs a velocity modulated tube as linear beam device which combines the advantages of both tubes, the ruggedness and high power capability of a klystron and the larger bandwidth of a TWT.
• Feeding Systems of Phased Arrays This article explains about a various systems involved in a Phased Arrays.
• Fick’s First Law This article explains Fick’s First Law.
• Fick’s Second Law This article explains Fick’s Second Law.
• Fluctuation Loss This article explains about the fluctuation of the reflected signal is based on the complicated diagram of the relative radar cross-section (RCS). 
• Forensic Nanotechnology This article describes about Forensic Nanotechnology.
• Forward Biased This article  discusses the phenomenon when the diode is forward biased.
• Free-Space Path Loss (FSPL) This article explains the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.
• Frequency Diversity Radar This paper describes about the Frequency Diversity Radar which uses two transmitters operating in tandem to illuminate the target with two separate frequencies.
• Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar (FM-CW Radar) This article briefs about a special type of radar sensor which radiates continuous transmission power like a simple continuous wave radar (CW-Radar).
• Fully Coherent Radar This article explains about the basic principle of a fully coherent radar which describes the fundamental feature is that all signals are derived at low level and the output device serves only as an amplifier. 
• Functional Block Diagram of Secondary Radar This article briefly explains about the working function and block diagram of Secondary Radar.
• Garbling/Degarbling This article describes a fundamental problem in the design of the classical SSR system and the situation is made worse by increased traffic.
• Gauss’ Law This article gives the introduction of Gauss’ Law, one of the field theories.
• Ground penetrating radar This article explains about a geophysical method that has been developed over the past thirty five years for shallow, high-resolution, subsurface investigations of the earth. 
• How do Lithium Ion Batteries Work? A Nanotechnology Explainer  This article explains How do Lithium Ion Batteries Work
• Image-Frequency Interferences This paper briefs the Heterodyning is the combining of the incoming signal with the local oscillator signal and Calculation of the Image-Frequency.
• In-phase & Quadrature Procedure This article represents the real part of the complex echo signal, but where does the phase information remain.
• Introduction to IC Manufacturing Technology This article gives an  introduction to the methods used in Integrated Cicuit manufacturing.
• Introduction to Semiconductors This article gives introduction to semiconductors, mainly looking at the behavior of electrons in a solid from a quantum mechanical point of view.
• Klystron Amplifier This paper describes the high power microwave vacuum tube, which are used in some radar equipments as amplifiers and it’s applicable for one or more special cavities, which modulate the electric field around the axis the tube.
• Local Tracking This article explains about the local tracker attempts to update the track by forming a weighted average of the current reported position from the radar and the last predicted position of the target from the tracker.
• Magnetron This article describes the magnetron which is a high-powered vacuum tube, that works as self-excited microwave oscillator.
• Maximum Unambiguous Range This article determines the maximum range at with a target can be located so as to guarantee that the leading edge of the received backscatter from that target is received before transmission begins for the next pulse and a second-sweep echo in a distance of 400 km and Unambiguous returns.
• Mixer Stage This article explains about the simplest type of radar mixer is the unbalanced crystal mixer and also explains the possibilities of overlapping.
• Mode S – Differential Phase shift Keying (DPSK) This article explains about a type of phase modulation that conveys data by changing the phase of the carrier wave.
• Mode S Reply Encoding This article explains a certain number of pulses at a 1 µs spacing(The bit update rate allows a 1 µs per data bit transfer rate that can be translated to a one megabit per second data rate).
• Monopulse Antenna This article discusses about the working principle, sectional part of the monopulse antenna.
• Overview of Radar Transmitter This article explains about the radar transmitter which produces the short duration high-power rf pulses of energy that are radiated into space by the antenna.
• Parabolic Antenna This article briefs about the parabolic dish antenna is the form most frequently used in the radar engineering of installed antenna types.
• Peak and Average Power This article explains about a Peak power must be calculated more often than average power and a duty cycle which is the fraction of time that a system is in an “active” state.
• Phased Array Antenna This article briefs about a phased array antenna is composed of lots of radiating elements each with a phase shifter.
• Photolithography This article describes Photolithography.
• Physical fundamentals of the radar principle This article briefs about the basic principle of operation of primary radar which is simple to understand.
• pnp- Transistor Operation This article describes the properly biased pnp transistor, forward-biased junction in a pnp transistor and reverse-biased junction in a pnp transistor.
• Polarization of electromagnetic waves This paper describes about the radiation field of an antenna is composed of electric and magnetic lines of force. 
• Pseudo-coherent Radar This article affords the basic principle of a pseudo-coherent radar and A requirement for any Doppler radar is coherence; that is, some definite phase relationship must exist between the transmitted frequency and the reference frequency, which is used to detect the Doppler shift of the receiver signal.
• Pulse Compression This article discusses about a Pulse compression which is a generic term that is used to describe a waveshaping process that is produced as a propagating waveform is modified by the electrical network properties of the transmission line. 
• Pulse-Pair Processing This paper distinguishes a moving target of a fixed object with help of the Doppler frequency, at least two periods of the deflection must be compared with each other. 
• Radar Clutter This article explains about the basic target and function of radar clutter and various types of it.
• Radar Coverage This article describes about the radar coverage describes controlled by a radar or a radar network airspace.
• Radar Cross Section This article discusses the size and ability of a target to reflect radar energy can be summarized into a single term.
• Radar Equation for Frequency Diversity Radar This article explains about the equation which is in order to increase detection probability of a frequency diversity radar (e.g. ATC radar of type ASR-910) two pulses of different frequency are radiated one after another at very short intervals.
• Radar Modulator This article briefs about the radio frequency energy in radar is transmitted in short pulses with time durations that may vary from 1 to 50 microseconds or more.
• Radar Principle This article explains about the electronic principle on which radar operates is very similar to the principle of sound-wave reflection.
• Radars Accuracy This article describes about an aAccuracy which is the degree of conformance between the estimated or measured position and/or the velocity of a platform at a given time and its true position or velocity.
• Range Resolution This article explains the target resolution of a radar is its ability to distinguish between targets that are very close in either range or bearing. 
• Reverse Biased This article discusses the phenomenon when the diode is reverse biased/breakdown.
• Sensitivity Level This paper explains about the two different meaning for MDS – Minimum Detectable Signal & Minimum Discernible Signal, also explains the Signal-Noise-Ratio on an oscilloscope.
• Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) This article describes about Side-looking viewing geometry of imaging radar system and the platform (aircraft or satellite) of an side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) travels forward in the flight direction with the nadir directly beneath the platform.
• Silicon Growth This article explains How to create pure silicon crystals.
• Simple Conduction  This article gives the Introduction of simple conduction, including the basic ideas and models of conductor.
• Sky radar Basic II This article discusses about a special didactical FMCW radar for vocational training, specially adapted to the particular client requirement and the desired training topics.
• Slot Antenna This article explains about antennas that are used in the frequency range from about 300 MHz to 25 GHz.
• Solar Cells  This article describes about solar cells.
• Superheterodyne Receiver This article explains about the main components of the typical superheterodyne receiver and a low-noise RF amplifier stage ahead of the converter stage provides enough selectivity to reduce the image-frequency response by rejecting these unwanted signals and adds to the sensitivity of the receiver.
• Synthetic Aperture Radar This paper describes about a coherent mostly airborne or spaceborne sidelooking radar system which utilizes the flight path of the platform to simulate an extremely large antenna or aperture electronically, and that generates high-resolution remote sensing imagery.
• The Cassegrain Antenna This article briefly describes about a form of reflecting telescope and consists of primary and secondary reflecting mirrors.
• The Decibel Measurement System This article explains about the measurement system of decibel where the bel is a unit that expresses the logarithmic ratio between the input and output of any given component, circuit, or system and may be expressed in terms of voltage, current, or power.
• The Diode Equation This article gives Introduction of Diode Equation, including the basic and more general form.
• The Large Vertical Aperture Antenna This article explains about the Large Vertival Aperture (LVA) antennae which are often used by secondary radars. A LVA- antenna enables the vertical pattern of the antenna to be shaped.
• Time-dependences in Radar This paper describes the dwell time, in which the time that an antenna beam spends on a target, depends predominantly on the antennas horizontally beam width and the turn speed of the antenna. 
• Transmitter Modules of Active Antenna This article explains about the Design of transmitter/receiver modules of active antennas in which the module integrates the electronic phase shifter, the digital controlled attenuator, the solid-state power amplifier, the low noise amplifier (LNA) and two circulators and a Duplexer. 
• Transponder This article deals with the avionics data in 256 different 56 bit wide Binary Data Store (BDS) Registers that can be loaded with information and read-out by the ground system.
• Traveling Wave Tube This article confers the concept of wideband amplifiers which is having a special low-noise characteristic often they are in use as an active RF amplifier element in receivers additional.
• Typical Search Radar Loss Budget This article explains about Atmospheric Losses, Beam shape Loss, Beam width factor, Fluctuation and Miscellaneous Signal Processing Loss.
• Waves and Frequency Ranges This article briefs about the spectrum of the electric magnetic waves shows frequencies up to 1024 Hz.
• E-waste: Not Your Normal Trash This article describes about E-waste is a term used to cover almost all types of electrical and electronic equipment that has or could enter the waste stream.
• Operational Amplifier Circuit This article explains about Inverting Amplifier, Noninverting Amplifier, Voltage Follower,Differential Amplifier and Summing Amplifier.
• Static & dynamic characteristics of measurement system This paper describes about the performance characteristics of an instrument.
• Serial data communication in 8051 microcontroller This article describes about the fastest way of transmitting data, within a microcomputer is parallel data transfer.
• Full Wave Rectifier This article discusses about how to use every half-cycle of the input voltage instead of every other half-cycle.
• Binary, Hexadecimal and Octal number system This article describes about Binary, hexadecimal, and octal refer to different number systems.
• Analog to digital converter This article explains about how to capture the analog signal state and represent it as a digital state in a limited time interval. 
• Two Reaction Theory of Salient pole Synchronous Alternator. This article explains about regulation of salient pole synchronousmachine using blondel’s two reaction theory.
• Ideal Diodes and Circuit Analysis This article describes about the analysis techniques used for these non-linear components.
• MECH 45X–Designing the Motor Control Circuit This paper describes the process used for designing this microcontroller based circuit.  
• PLC Programming Approaches This article explains about required translations to go from the modeling tool to the controls platform of choice.
• PID Loop Tuning 101 This paper describes about how to tune a temperature loop, but the idea is the same for most types of basic PID type loops.  
• A Look at Un-Electronic Musical Instruments This article briefs about how to construct an electrical model, or analog, of an acoustical musical instrument. 
• Acoustic Treatment for Home Studios This article describes about double and triple walls, isolated concrete slabs, custom steel doors are all standard but high priced items used in their construction.
• Acoustics for Music This article explains about a successful performance (or recording), the concert space (or studio, or living room with recorded sounds).
• ADC and DAC Glossary This article defines technical terms commonly used with analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs). 
• Analog Recording of Sound This article explains about the basic principle of disk recording is very simple.
• Analog Tape Recorders This article explains about the principal instrument of the classic electronic music studio.
• Arduino 24V Brushed DC Motor Controller Shield Update #3 This article explains about how the motor rotates properly.
• AVR: Configuring and Using Ports in C This article briefs about how to use the digital IO of any AVR chip, you must tell the chip which pins are output and input pins.
• Basics of Digital Recording This article briefs about a digital recording system, sound is stored and manipulated as a stream of discrete numbers, each number representing the air pressure at a particular time. 
• Beats This article briefs about beats which are generated when two sounds have similar frequency. 
• Beginner’s Guide To PIC18 Microcontrollers This article explains mostly about used for automotive applications while PICs are used for more commercial devices (e.g. medical devices).
• Bits and Bytes This article explains about how to translate these patterns into something that makes sense to humans, we consider a wire that is on to be a “1” and a wire that is off to be a “0”.
• Blackbody Radiation and the Planck Function This article briefs about a blackbody is an object which absorbs all the light which hits it: hence the name “blackbody”. It also emits radiation, in a very particular manner.
• Breakthrough could help magnets end era of computer transistors This article explains about the power consumption we are seeing is up to 10,000 times lower than state-of-the-art schemes for nanomagnetic computing. 
• Capacitor Distortion Mechanisms This paper discusses about Non-ideal properties of real passive components, Nonlinear effects in capacitors, Peculiarities sorted by capacitor type and How not to use capacitors.
• Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT) This article explains about cathode ray tubes (or CRT for short), which are glass vacuum tubes into which an electron gun emits a flow of electrons guided by an electrical field towards a screen covered in small phosphorescent elements. 
• Clockwork Insects This article explains about how the beetle also operated and looked like a little mechanical device and so decided to combine the two.
• Computer Music (So Far) This article describes about the problems with programming the early systems was knowing that everything was operating properly.
• Controlling A Seven Segment Display Using Mojo This article explains about how to create a simple half adder with a 7 segment display.
• Could rhubarb hold the key to low-cost energy storage? This article briefs about a metal-free, abundant organic molecule — can provide low-cost material to hold the electric charge for a flow battery, which stores energy in a fluid rather than a solid state. 
• Critical Listening – Basic Exercises This paper describes about the art of critical listening is often ignored by many beginners, but it is a vital tool that will hugely increase your capabilities across the sound engineering spectrum. 
• Decibels This article explains about the decibel (abbreviated dB) must be the most misunderstood measurement since the cubit.
• Design and Construction of Vacuum Tube Amplifiers This article explains about about the design and building of vacuum tube (valve) audio equipment.
• Digital Recorders This article briefs about the principles of digitizing sound covered in the digital audio easy, and they all face the same challenge: how to get a high enough frequency response to record the massive amounts of data audio needs. 
• Digital Synthesis This article explains about a digital synthesizer has the same functions as a modular analog synthesizer.
• Doppler Effect This article explains about a Doppler effect is observed in all types of waves, however the Doppler effect with regards to light is fundamentally different than for sound or other types of waves that require a medium to propagate.
• Einstein and the Photoelectric effect This article explains about explain some mysterious properties of experiments in which light shone on metal electrodes.
• El Wire Jacket This article briefs about the jacket to be similar to Tron without the glowing disk. 
• Electronics: MAX619 This article briefs about the Max619 IC accepts voltages between 2.7 and 3.6 volts, and converts it to 5 volts using charge pumping.
• Electronics: Serial Expansion Using 74HC4052 This article explains about how to increase the number of serial devices a microcontroller can handle. 
• Electronics: SN754410 This article explains about a popular chip that many robotic hobbyists use.
• Electronics-LTC3639 This article briefs about Buck regulators are used for reducing the input voltage coming from a power supply to safely power microprocessors, gate drive circuitry, and other circuit.
• First Aid This article explains about a Quick and easy solutions to some of the problems encountered when connecting digital audio equipment.
• Getting Started With FPGAs This article explains about an FPGA is a field programmable gate array. Instead of programming a FPGA  like your standard microcontroller, you actually “implement” digital circuits using a hardware description language (HDL). 
• Getting the Most out of Your OS X Music Player This article explains about the ultimate music server from your OS X Computer, and optimizing the OS for audio playback. 
• Grounding This article explains about ground is first and foremost, the zero voltage point, the reference the circuits use when they amplify signals. 
• High-End Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors This article breifly explains about the High-End Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors.
• How Minnesota’s old mining pits could boost wind power this article explains about the concept has the interest and backing of two Minnesota utilities, which helped fund the research.
• How to Pick Audio Capacitors This article explains about how to know to pick the best capacitor for the job, without spending a fortune on Super Fancy Audio Capacitors.
• How To Test A Capacitor This article covers about how to test a capacitor is to calculate the value. 
• How Vacuum Tubes in Linear Circuits Work This article describes about a typical vacuum tube radio-frequency amplifier has a high voltage power source.
• How Vacuum Tubes Work This article discusses about the working principle of Vacuum Tubes.
• Impedance This article describes the relationship between current and voltage in circuits that are in equilibrium- that is, when the current and voltage are not changing. 
• Impedance 101 This article describes about the term “interface” is equally important, because it implies the interconnection of two devices—a source and a destination—each having defined impedance.
• Implementing PWM On PIC18F Microcontroller This article explains about the technique of varying the width of a series of pulses is called Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
• Improve Your Mixes With This Critical Listening Exercise This article explains about the times when we deliberately have little happening in a frequency range – a violin concerto would sound silly with pounding bass – but again this should be a conscious decision.
• Introduction to Modifying Hi-fi Devices This article explains about how to Upgrade hi-fi electronics like amplifiers and CD players. Replacing components and altering circuit design.
• Linearized Force Sensor This article briefs about how to create a data retrieval system to determine if a person fell over.
• Making Connections This article explains about the instructions for doing that are usually written by electronics engineers, we have to understand a few fundamental concepts.
• Making Waves From Numbers This article explains about the wavetable is a section of memory that contains a list of values corresponding to the desired waveform. 
• Measuring Audio This article briefs about the basic electronic measuring tool is the meter. The most common meter is called a multimeter, and will measure voltage, current and resistance. 
• Microphones This article explains about a device that changes information from one form to another.
• MIDI This article explains about the Musical Instrument Data Interface specification defines both the organization of the information transmitted and the circuitry used to connect systems together.
• Mixers This article briefs about the mixer which is the central device in any sound studio.
• Modification Therapy This article explains about the power supply is one of the first places to consider for potential improvement, specifically in terms of heat dissipation and power distribution. 
• Music Notation with Computers This article explains about how to mass produce music was with woodcuts- someone drew the music backwards on a piece of wood, then cut out everything around the notes. 
• N64 Controller Now Pygames Controller This article explains about the Python script to generate the keyboard board events that the emulator could recognize.
• Optics Breakthrough Demonstrates New Behaviours in Physics This article explains about the principles of Phase Transition symmetry leads optics to a completely different set of behaviours not predicted by conventional physics with only loss or only gain.
• Over-Unity in the Mainstream! This article briefs about the light-emitting process cools the LED slightly, making it operate similar to a thermoelectric cooler. 
• Photon’s enable a new quantum mechanical state This article explains about that light can act as photon glue that binds together the quantum mechanical properties of two vastly different materials. 
• Playing With Sounds This article briefs about the devices collectively known as audio processors were originally added to the recording studio to allow compensation for frequency response or dynamic range problems in the equipment.
• Replacing Passive Components to Improve Sound Quality This article explains about the transition frequency where the device changes from capacitative to inductive behaviour, there is a minimum impedance that can be thought of as a resistance in series with the capacitor. 
• Room Modes This article discusses about how to encourage certain frequencies with wavelengths that are equal to the dimensions of the room.
• Sampled Sound Processors This article describes about how to store a sound briefly without resorting to tape or some other permanent medium.
• Scrapped Iowa project leaves energy storage lessons This paper describes about how to take electricity generated by Iowa wind farms at night and use it to compress air into a deep, underground aquifer northwest of Des Moines.
• Simple Harmonic Motion This article explains about a tendency to return to their original location after they have been moved slightly.
• Single Level Inverter Implementation #2 This article explains about the first parameter is the peak voltage of the AC waveform. 
• Some Basic Electronics This article describes about how to take a rather simplistic view of the precise nature of electricity.
• Taking the Waveform Apart This article describes about the waveform of a sound is a graph of the way the pressure changes between the wavefronts.
• The first e-sportlimousine with nano flowcell update This article describes about Nanoflowcell system has other major advantages. When the energy in the electrolyte solutions is used up, the liquids need only be replaced, a process that is similar in ease and quickness to refuelling a gasoline car. 
• The Mathematics of Electronic Music This article explains about the study of electronic music is the accurate description of the sounds used.
• The Numbers (and Initials) of Acoustics This article describes about architectural acoustics is about half engineering, half art. 
• Travelling Waves This paper describes about  a wave pulse and a continuous travelling wave.
• Twitter LED This article explains about a good language to program projects with the Raspberry Pi.
• Types of Vacuum Tubes This article briefs about all kinds of vacuum-tube electron devices, especially receiving tubes.
• USART Communication For PIC18 Microcontroller This article explains about a guide in order to achieve proper USART communication.
• Using the Moog Synthesizer This paper mainly describes the UCSC Modular Moog, one that is on the small side, but is representative of most studio machines.
• Vacuum Tube Amplifiers This article covers commonly used vacuum tube amplifier configurations with emphasis on types used in veteran radios and veteran communication equipment.
• Vacuum Tubes Vs. Transistors This article briefs about a major difference in the harmonic distortion components of the amplified signal, with tubes, transistors, and operational amplifiers separating into distinct groups.
• Wave Properties This article describes the reflection and transmission of one-dimensional waves at a boundary between two media.
• What is a decibel? This article explains about the decibel (dB) is used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in electronics, signals and communication. 
• What is a Digital Analog Converter? This article explains about a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric charge).
• What is Acoustic Impedance and Why is it Important? This article explains about a ratio of acoustic pressure to flow.
• Will utilities control behind-the-meter solar batteries? This article explains about a roof full of solar panels — even if that’s one very accurate way to describe what it packages up into a closet-sized.
• 8051 Microcontroller Interrupts This article discusses on five interrupt sources for the 8051, which means that they can recognize 5 different events that can interrupt regular program execution.
• 8087 Co Processors and Architechture This article discusses the voerview and architechture of 8087 in detail.
• 8089 I/O Processors This article describes the 8089 input and output processors briefly.
• 8253 Timer IC General This article explains 8253 timer block diagram, pin diagram and its uses.
• 8259A Pin Configuration This article describes the 8259A Pin Configuration in detail.
• 8259A programmable interrupt controller (8259A/8259A-2) This article explains the block diagram of 8259 A and Functional Description.
• 8279 Display and Keyboard Controller This article explains the block diagram of 8279 and Basic alphanumeric displays.
• Addressing modes This article discusses the different types of addressing and also explains the Data transfer instructions.
• Addressing Modes of 8086 This article explains the addressing modes of 8086 like register addressing and immediate addressing.
• Addressing Modes of 8086 – I This article describes the ddressing modes of 8086 like Direct Data Addressing, Direct Addressing, Displacement Addressing, Register Indirect Addressing, Base-Plus-Index Addressing and Plus-Index Addressing.    
• A-M  and F-M  Receivers This article discusses the block diagram and defnitions, Basics and disadvantages of AM, PM and FM Receivers.
• A-M,  P-M,  and  F-M  Transmitters This article describes the block diagram and defnition of AM, PM and FM Transmitters and its comparisons.
• Amplitude Modulation This article discusses the percentage modulation, side bands and disadvantages of amplitude modulation.
• Antenna arrays This article discusses about the antenna arrays like driven arrays and parasitic arrays.
• Applications of PWM This article describes the applications of PWM.
• Applications of PWM II This article describes the applications of PWM like voltage regulation,  Audio effects, amplification and Companding.
• Architecture and Programming of 8051 This article explains the architecture of 8051 and its pinout description.
• Architecture of 8085 microprocessor This article explains the 8085 microprocessor, Which consists of various units and each unit performs its own functions. 
• Architecture of 8086 This article explains the The internal architecture of Intel 8086 is divided into two units, viz., Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and Execution Unit (EU).
• Arithmetic instructions This article describes the arithmetic instructions in detail.
• Assembler Directives This article explains the assembler directives briefly.
• Asynchronous CDMA This article describes the Asynchronous CDMA and its advantages.
• Asynchronous Integrated Circuits Design This artice describes the design of the asynchronous circuit follows the established hardware design flow, which involves in order: system specification, system design, circuit design, layout, verification, fabrication and testing though with major differences in concept. 
• Basic antenna theory This article discusses several basic properties that are common to all antennas.
• Basic Power supply circuits Part 1 This article discusses about rectifiers and how it is used in power supply unit.
• Bluetooth Module Interfacing with Microcontroller This article describes an experiment how to interface blutooth module with microcontroller.
• Branching instructions This article explains the branching instructions briefly.
• Command and Data Modes (Modem) This article explains the two modes in which a computer modem may operate. 
• Common Digital Modulation Techniques and Pulse Modulation Methods This article describes the most common digital modulation techniques, Line coding and pulse modulation methods.
• Control Word and BSR Mode Format This article explains the control word format and BSR mode format briefly.
• Counter and Timers This article explains the Counter and Timers of 8051 microcontroller.
• Data Types and Instruction Set of 8087 This article explains the Datatypes and instructionset and its types in detail.
• DC Motor Controller Using PWM This article discusses how to use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to vary the speed of a motor using a digital signal.
• DC Motor Interfacing With Micrcontroller This article discusses on dc motor interfacing with microcontroller experiment.
• Different Modulation Spreading Techniques for Spread Spectrum, DSSS, FHSS and THSS This article discusses the Different Modulation Spreading Techniques for Spread Spectrum, DSSS, FHSS and THSS with figures and principles in detail.
• Digital communication This article describes the ASK, FSK, BPSK, QPSK and QAM briefly with diagrams.
• Digital modulation methods This article explains the digital modulation methods in detail.
• Digitization and Encoding for Transmission in PCM This article describes the Digitization and Encoding for Transmission in PCM.
• Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Communications This article explains the introduction, definitions and bandwidth effects.
• Electronic Circuit Design – Low Light Sensor This article explains about a simple electronic circuit.
• Electronic Circuit Design – Transistor Switch This article explains about the transistor switch.
• Electronic H-Bridge circuit – DC motor controller This article describes about the electronic h- bridge circuit. The h-bridge is named as it is shaped a little like a letter H and uses two pairs of switches that need to be switched together.
• Error Correction This article describes about the introduction for error correction, error correction codes and hybrid schemes.
• Error Correction II This article discusses the applications, internet, deep-space telecommunications, DVB, Data Storage and Error-correcting Memory.
• Error Detection This article briefs the introduction, error detection schemes, repetion codes, parity bits, checksums, CRC’s, and cryptographic hash functions.
• FDMA, TDMA and CDMA and Spread Spectrum decoding keys  This article describes the FDMA, TDMA and CDMA and Spread Spectrum decoding keys.
• Fiber optic CCTV transmission system This article describes what components you need in a fiber optic CCTV transmission system.
• FM demodulator, Ratio and Foster-Seeley FM detectors This article explains oprations and functions of  FM demodulator,  Ratio and Foster-Seeley FM detectors.
• FM modulators This article discusses two methods of FM modulator briefly. i.e Direct and Indirect.\
• FM Receiver, Modulators and Descriminators This article discusses about the block diagram and functions of FM Receiver, Modulators and Descriminators.
• FM transmitters This article describes about the direct and indirect FM tranmitter.
• Ground Wave Signal Propagation This article explains the ground wave, surface wave, effect of frequency, effect of ground and effect of polarisation.
• History of microprocessor and 8085 introduction This article describes the history of microprocessor and an introduction to 8085.
• I/O structure of a typical microcomputer This article explains the Input and output structure, I/O Interfacing Devices and Peripheral Devices.
• Input / Output Ports (I/O Ports) of 8051 This article describes the Input / Output Ports (I/O Ports) of 8051.
• Instruction Set This article describes the stack, Integer ALU, Floating point, SIMD and Data Manipulation instructions.
• Integrated Circuit Design Flow This article discusses about system design, logic design, layout design, circuit design, fabrication, and testing of integrated circuit design flow.
• Internal 8253 Registers This article describes the list of internal 8253 registers that will program the internal counters of the 8253.
• Junction field-effect transistors This article briefs the Junction field-effect transistors.
• Large loop antennas This article describes the large loop antennas in detail with its radiation pattern.
• Logical and control instructions This article describes the Logical and Control Instructions in detail.
• Loop antennas This article explains about the loop antennas and small loop antennas with single-turn and multi-turn loop antennas.
• Loosely Coupled Configuration and Bus Allocation Schemes This article explains the Loosely Coupled Configuration introduction, advantages and problems with Bus allocation schemes in detail.
• Memory Organization of 8051 This article discusses the memory organisation like program memory, data memory, additional RAM and Memory expansion.
• Modes of 8253 This article describes all possible modes. The modes used in the MZ-700 and set by the monitor’s startup are mode 0, mode 2, and mode 3.
• Modulation systems This article discusses the introduction, carrier characteristics and amplitude modulation of the modulation systems.
• Multi processor configurations This article describes the mulitprocessor configurations like coprocessor and closed coupled briefly.
• Parallel communication interface and functional block diagram This article describes i8255 and its functions with block diagram.
• Phase  Modulation This article describes the phase ,odulation with diagrams.
• Pin configuration of 8085 This article describes the Power supply and clock signals, Address bus, Data bus, Control and status signals, Interrupts and externally initiated signals and Serial I/O ports.    
• Pin Configuration and Operational Modes of 8255 This article discusses about the pin configuration and the two main operational modes of 8255 in detail.
• Pin Description of 8251 This article discusses on pin decription on 8251 like DSR, DTR, CTS, RTS and etc.
• Pin Details of 8086 This article describes the Pin details of 8086 briefly.
• Pin Diagram of 8087 This article discusses the pin diagram of 8087, circuit connection for 8086-8087, Interfacing and exception handling.
• P-M  and  Carrier  Frequency This article explains the p-m carrier frequency with vector and graph representation in detail.
• Programmable DMA Controller Core This article describes the features, functional description and block diagram of Programmable DMA Controller Core.
• Programming in 8085 This article discusses the programming in 8085 and flow chart.
• Programming the 8259A This article explains the accepts  two  types  of command words generated by the CPU.
• Pulse-code Modulation This article explains the PCM Modulation, Demodulation and Limitations.
• Resistor combinations This article discusses about how to combine resistors with series and parallel combinations.
• Resistors and its types This article describes about resistors and types of resistors.
• Space (direct) wave propagation and sky wave propagation This article describes about the space and sky wave pro[agation with neat figures.
• Synchronous CDMA This article explains the synchronous CDMA and its example.
• The Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics This article briefs about the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optics.
• The Asynchronous Design Implementation Process This article explains the detailed process of asynchronous design implementation process.
• The half wave dipole (hertz antenna) This article explains about the half wave dipole.
• The vertical (marconi) antenna This article discusses about the vertical antenna which is used to launch a vertically polarized RF wave.
• Tuned Radio Frequency – TRF Receivers This article discusses about the principles of TRF receivers in detail.
• Understanding Rectifier Diodes This article explains the characteristics and use of diode rectifier circuits, as well as detailed information regarding the process of rectification. 
• Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) (8251) This article briefs the block diagram of 8251 USART.
• Use fiber optics to transmission CCTV camera video signal This article discusses about the principle reasons for using optical fiber as the transmission media in CCTV applications.
• Waste of Bandwidth Due to Spreading is Offset by Multiple Users This article describes the SS is Wideband Technology, Resistance to Interference, and Anti-jamming Effects, Resistance to Interception , Resistance to Fading (Multipath Effects) and SS Allows CDMA.   
• Applications of IC LM380 This article describes the audio power amplifier, LM 380 as a High gain, LM 380 as a variable Gain, LM 380 as a Bridge Audio Power Amplifier and Intercom system using LM 380.
• A to D converter- specifications This article explains the important specification such as resolution, quantization error, conversion time, analog error, linearity error, DNL error, INL error & input voltage range.
• Adjustable Positive Voltage Regulator (LM317) This article discusses the adjustable positive voltage regulator and practical regulator using LM317. 
• An NMOS Inverter This article explains the NMOS Inverter  and Pull up to Pull-down ratio for a NMOS Inverter and CMOS Inverter.
• Analog to digital conversion This article describes the sampling rate, accuracy, quantization error and non-linearity of analog to digital conversion.
• Antenna Efficiency This article describes the effiency of antenna with its self impedance.
• Antenna Fundamentals This article discusses about the fundamentals, radiation and fields around antenna.
• Antenna Temperature This article discusses the antenna temperature in detail.
• Applications of Monostable Mode of Operation This article explains the different types of Applications of Monostable Mode of Operation.
• Applications of Reciprocity Theorem This article describes the applications of reciprocating theorem with equality of directional patterns and equivalence of transmitting and receiving antenna inpedances.
• Applications of Spread Spectrum  and Wireless Technology This article explains about the applications of SS and wireless technology like mobile, wifi etc.
• Basic Components of a DSP System This article explains the basic components of a DSP system and Discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
• Basics of oscillators This article describes the Criteria for oscillation, Phase Shift in Oscillators and Gain in Oscillators.
• Block Diagram of 555 Timer IC This article discusses about the block diagram of 555 Timer IC.
• Buck and Boost Regulator This article explains the Buck and Boost Regulator in detail.
• Chief Characteristics of Laser This article explains about the chief characteristics of laser like directionality, intensity etc.
• CMOS fabrication can be accomplished using either of the three technologies This article explains the Silicon On Insulator (SOI),   Twin well technology and N-well technologies.
• Code Division Multiple Access This article describes code division multiple access and its classification schemes.
• Coherence This article discusses the coherence and the types of coherence.
• Construction of a Monolithic Bipolar Transistor This article explains the Epitaxial growth, Oxidation, Photolithography, Isolation diffusion, Base diffusion, Emitter diffusion,  Contact mask, Aluminium metallization, Passivation.
• D to A converter- specifications This article describes about some important specifications are Resolution, Accuracy, linearity, monotonicity, conversion time, settling time and stability.
• DAC and binary-weighted resistor DAC This article explains the Digital to Analog Converter and Binary-Weighted resistor DAC. 
• Depletion Mode MOSFET This article describes the construction, operation and circuit symbols of  depletion mode MOSFET.
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – Principle This article describes the direct spread spectrum principle, example and its transmitter and receiver.
• Effective Aperture and Radiation Pattern of Antenna This article discusses about the Effective Aperture and Radiation Pattern of Antenna.
• Enhancement Mode MOSFET This article discusses about the types of FET and Enhancement mode MOSFET with its construction and operation.
• Essential Components of Laser This article describes the essential components of laser like active medium, optical resonator and energy source.
• Fly back Regulator This article explains the fly-back regulator, pin diagram and its functions in detail.
• Free Space Loss This article discusses about the Free-space path loss formula in telecommunication systems.
• Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum This article explains the frequency hop spread spectrum.
• Frequency Planning This article explains about frquency planning in electromagnetic spectrum.
• Fresnel Zone This article describes the Fresnel Zone and frequency reuse.
• Function generator IC 8038 This article describes the Functional block diagram of Function generator, output waveform, pin and parameters of IC8038.
• Fundamentals of Fading This article explains the fundamentals of fading with multipath propagation.
• Generations of Integrated Circuits This article describes the SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI etc in detail.
• High speed sample and hold circuits This article explains Alternative CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits and Switched Op-Amp Based Sample-and-Hold Circuit.
• IC 723 – general purpose regulator This article explains the features and functional block diagram of IC 723.
• IC voltage regulators This article explains the switching fundamentals, PWM, Transformer operation and spark firing circuit.
• Impatt Diode This article describes the construction, principle and working of impatt diode.
• Integrated Circuits – An Introduction This article explains the advantages, classification and classification of IC’s.
• Integrated Resistors This article discusses the methods for fabricating integrated resistors are diffused, epitaxial, Pinched and Thin film techniques.
• Introduction to MOS technology This article explains the MOSFET transistor, n channel MOSFET and p channel MOSFET.
• Inverted or current and voltage mode DAC This article discusses about the pin diagram and advantages of current and voltage mode DAC in detail.
• Isotropic Radiator This article explains the Isotropic radiator, Radiation intensity and radian.
• Line of sight microwave communication This article explains about the Link engineering in detail.
• Manley – Rowe Relations This article explains the determination of parametric amplifier with a set of power conservation relations such as manley-rowe relations in detail.
• Measuring Regulator Efficiency of DC-DC Converters This article describes how to measure regulator efficiency of DC-DC converters.
• MF 5 & 10 Switched Capacitor Filter This article describes the MF 5 & MF10 Switched Capacitor Filter in detail.
• Microwave Transmission Lines This article discusses the introduction to the microwave transmission lines.
• Modes of Operation of Gunn Diode This article explains the gunn oscillation diode, stable amplification diode, LSA oscillation diode and bias circuit oscillation mode.
• Monolithic phase locked loops (PLL IC 565) This article explains the pin configuration and basic block diagram of PLL IC565.
• Monolithic PLL IC 565 Applications This article discusses abou the frequency multiplier, FSK demodulator, FSK Generator and etc.
• Monolithic switching regulator [µA78S40] This article discusses the block diagram and pin diagram of monolithic switching regulator.
• Monolithic Switching Regulators – Features This article explains the Step – Down Switching Regulator, Step – Up Switching Regulator and Inverting  Switching Regulator.
• MOS Transistor Circuit Model This article describes the MOS transistor circuit model in detail.
• Multipath Channel This article describes the multipath channel, its types and parameters.
• Mutual Impedance of Antenna This article explains the representation of voltage induced in coupled circuits.
• Opto Coupler IC, Advantages and Application This article explains the advantages, disadvantages and applications of optocoupler with defintion of optocoupler IC.
• Optocouplers / optoisolators This article explains the characteristics and types of optocoupler.
• Parametric Amplifiers This article explains the parametric amplifiers with the circuit diagrams in detail.
• Phase locked loop This article explains the block diagram of PLL, phase detector, LPF and VCO.
• Pin Diode and Its Applications This article explains the pin diode and its applications as a single pole switch in Forward bias and reverse bias.
• Power audio amplifier IC LM380 This article discusses the features, pin diagram and block diagram of IC LM380. 
• Pros and Cons of DSP This article describes about the pros and cons of digital signal processing with its advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Pseudo- Random Noise Codes This article discusses about the Pseudo- Random Noise Codes in detail.
• R-2R ladder DAC This article describes about the R-2R LADDER DAC in detail.
• Radiation resistance, Beamwidth, Bandwidth and Polarization This article discusses about the Radiation resistance, Beamwidth, Bandwidth and Polarization of antenna.
• Read Diode This article explains the avalanche transit item devices such as read diode in detail.
• Ridley Watkins and Hilsum Theory This article describes the ridley watkins and hilsum theory with two valley model theory.
• Sampling and DSP – An Introduction This article discusses about the introduction of sampling and basic ideas in sampling theory.
• Schottky Barrier, Monolithic Diodes and Schottky Transistor This article explains the Schottky Barrier, Monolithic Diodes and Schottky Transistor.
• Spread Spectrum Signals This article explains the Spread Spectrum Signals principles and its types.
• Steradian, Gain, Directivity and Effective Length This article describes the Steradian, Gain, Directivity and Effective Length in detail.
• The 555 timer as an Astable Multivibrator This article describes the 555 timer as an astable multivibrator and its applications.
• The 555 timer IC This article explains the pin configuration of 555 Timer IC.
• The Concepts of Signal and System This article describes about the signals, its characterization, speech signal, digital image, System and its characterization.
• The LMF100 Switched Capacitor Filter This article explains the LMF100 pin diagram and block diagram.
• Transfer Electron Devices This article explains the gunn effect diodes and introduction to transfer electron devices.
• Transistor as an amplifier This article describes the transistor as switch, Comparison with vacuum tubes  and limitations.
• Transistor Fabrication This article discusses the transistor fabrication, substrate PNP, Lateral PNP and Triple diffused PNP.
• Transistor Operation This article explains the transistor operation and transistor as switch.
• Trapatt and Baritt Diode This article discusses the trapatt and baritt diode with diagrams.
• Triangular wave generator This article explains the triangle wave generator.
• Types of ADC This article explains the different types of ADC.
• Types of BJT and JFET This article explains BJT and and FET.
• 8051 processor architecture This article discusses the 8051 processor architecture.
• 8086 addressing modes – i This article explains immediate, register, memory direct, and register indirect addressing in detail.
• 8086 addressing modes – ii This article describes the based and indexed addressing with displacement, Based indexed addressing, I/O port and variable port addressing in detail.
• Ac voltage controller circuits This article discusses the Phase Control, Type of Ac Voltage Controllers and Applications of Ac Voltage Controllers.  
• Antenna arrays This article explains the principle of arrays and types of arrays in detail
• Antenna basics This article explains the antenna parameters and principles with introduction and types.
• Antenna temperature and field zone This article describes the radiation efficieny, antenna temperature, antenna field zones.
• Antennas for ground penetrating radar (GPS) This article explains the   Antennas for Mobile Handsets,  Embedded Antennas, Ultra Wide Band Antenna and  Plasma antenna.
• Architecture of 8051 This article describes pin diagram and block diagram of 8051.
• Basic circuit concepts – an introduction This article discusses the introduction to basic circuit concepts and resistance estmation.
• Basic MOS technology This article explains the Integrated circuits era, Moores Law and Levels of Integration.
• Basic MOS transistors This article describes the N and P-MOS enhancement mode transistor and N-MOS depletion mode transistor.
• Basic physical design an overview This article discusses the overview of basic physical design.
• Bi-COMS technology This article explains the Bi-CMOS Technology, Characteristics of CMOS Technology, Characteristics of Bipolar Technology and Production of e-beam masks.
• Branch group of instructions This article explains the branch group of instructions in detail.
• Circuit design process This article discusses the introduction to circuit design process and encoding of CMOS and NMOS process.
• Classification of choppers – i This article explains the Class A chopper and Class B chopper.
• Classification of choppers – ii This article describes the Class C chopper, Class D chopper and Class E chopper.
• CMOS fabrication This article describes the P-Well Process in detail.
• CMOS inverter characteristics This article discusses the Inverter DC Characteristics and Graphical Derivation of Inverter DC Characteristics with region A-E.
• CMOS lambda based design rules This article describes the CMOS design rule and  Orbit 2μm CMOS process.
• CMOS logic – an introduction This article describes the CMOS complementary logic and BI-CMOS logic.
• Compare immediate data with a register/memory location This article discusses comparing immediate data with a register/memory location.
• Control characteristics of power devices This article discusses about the Control characteristics of Thyristors and Classification of power semiconductor devices.
• Controlled rectifiers This article explains Line Commutated AC to DC converters and phase controlled rectifiers.
• Day and night structure of ionosphere This article explains the varitations in the ionosphere.
• Depletion type MOSFET This article explains the structure of n-channel MOSFET, operation, drain and transfer characteristics.
• Design rules This article explains the design rule with Buried contact and Butting contact.
• Diffraction This article discusses the Mechanism for Diffraction and Knife Edge Diffraction Model.
• Dynamic characteristics of thyristor This article discusses the thyristor turn-on and turn-off characteristics.
• Dynamic cmos logic, clocked cmos logic and cmos domino logic This article describes the dynamic CMOS logic, Clocked CMOS Logic and CMOS Domino logic in detail.
• Effective aperture This article explains the aperture concept and beam area.
• Effective height This article discusses the effective height and Bandwidth or frequency bandwidth.
• Encoding for bjt and mosfets This article discusses the encoding of BJT and MOSFETS.
• Enhancement mode transistor action This article discusses the enhancement mode transistor action with Depletion mode Transistor action
• Enhancement type mosfet This article discusses the basic construction,  operation, drain and transfer characteristics of enhancement type MOSFET.
• Formation of evaporation ducts This article describes the Evaporation Ducts and the Troposphere.
• General layout guidelines This article explains the general layout guidelines and layout optimization for performance.
• History of microprocessors This article explains the mechanical age, the electrical age and the microprocessor age.
• Horn and helical antenna This article discusses about the horn and helical antenna with modes of operation.
• IGBT This article explains the basic structure and working of IGBT.
• Implications of scaling This article describes seven topics in  implications of scaling.
• Introduction to advanced microprocessor This article describes the advanced microprocessor with its introduction.
• Introduction to power electronics This article explains the history and applications of power electronics.
• Inverter delays, cmos inverter and formal estimation of delay This article explains the Inverter delays, CMOS inverter and Formal estimation of delay.
• Inverters This article describes the classification and principle of operation of Inverters.
• Ionosphere propagation This article explains the ionosphere propagation with d,e and f layer.
• Irregular Variations This article explains the spordiac E, sudden ionospheric disturbances and ionospheric storms.
• Isolation of gate and base drives This article discusses the Pulse Transformers  and Optocouplers.
• LPDA, Lens and Sleek Antenna This article explains the log periodic dipole array, lens antenna and sleek antenna briefly.
• Memory Paging This article describes the page directory and the page table in detail.
• Microcontroller This article discusses the block diagram of microcontroller.
• Microprocessor Based Personal Computer System This article discusses the memory and the input system with Transient program area, system area and extended memory system.
• MOS Transistor Theory This article describes the introduction to MOS transistor theory.
• NMOS Fabrication This article explains the NMOS Fabrication in detail.
• N-Well Process and Twin Tub Process This article discusses the N-Well Process and Twin tub process of CMOS Fabrication.
• Omni-directional antennas and antennas for mobile applications This article discusses the omni-directional antenna and antennas for mobile applications, switched beam applications, adaptive antenna.
• Operand Instructions This article explains exchange, Add, AND, OR and Ex-OR instructions in detail.
• Operand instructions involving immediate data This article descibes the move immediate data to register/memory location, add immediate data to register/memory location, subtract immediate data to register/memory location etc.
• Pass Transistor Logic This article explains the properties of Pass transistor logic and CMOS Technology Logic Circuit Structures.
• Pattern lobes and beamwidths This article describes the diagram of Pattern in spherical co-ordinate system and Pattern in Cartesian co-ordinate system. 
• Patterns of Antenna This article discusses the antenna patterns such as normalised field pattern and normalised power pattern.
• Pin structure of port 1,2,3 This article explains the Pin structure of Port1, port2 and port 3.
• Power Controller Devices This article describes the power diode types, thyristors and power transistors.
• Power Mosfet This article describes construction, switching characteristics and GATE drive.
• Power Transistors This article discusses about the bipolar junction transistors.
• Protected mode in microprocessors This article explains the protected mode with descriptors and selectors.
• Pseudo NMOS Logic This article explains the other variations of pseudo NMOS and ganged logic.
• Radiation intensity and pattern source This article describes the power pattern, field pattern and radiation intensity.
• Radiation pattern of antenna This article explains the radiation pattern and normalized pattern of antenna.
• Radio Wave Propagation This article describes the Antennas, Polarization, Propagation and atmosphere.
• Real Mode Memory Addressing This article explains the two real modes of memory addressing in detail.
• Schematic and layout of basic gates This article explains the Schematic and layout of basic gates.
• Single Phase Bridge Inverter This article describes the Operation with resistive load and modes of single phase bridge invertor.
• Single phase bridge inverter with RL load This article discusses the operation of the circuit can be divided into four intervals or modes.
• Static characteristics of IGBT This article descibes the static charactristics and application of IGBT.
• Switching Limits This article describes the Second Breakdown, Forward Biased Safe Operating Area FBSOA, Reverse Biased Safe Operating Area RBSOA, Breakdown Voltages  and Base Drive Control.
• Synchronized UJT Oscillator This article explains the digital firing circuit block diagram, logic circuit, modified RS-flip-flop.
• Terms used in comparison This article explains the jump instructions, short jump, long jump etc in detail.
• The microprocessor and its architecture This article describes the microprocessor and its architecture with registers, 8086 PSW, buses, conditional and control flags. 
• The programming model of 8086 This article discusses the programming model of 8086.
• Thyristor Commutation Techniques This article explains the introduction of thyristor commutation techniques, Natural Commutation and Forced Commutation.
• Thyristor Gate Characteristics This article explains the pulse gate drive and requirements of pulse gate drive with quantative analysis.
• Thyristors – An Introduction This article explains about the thyristors and its types.
• Transmission Gate  This article discusses the tranmission gate and CMOS Standard cell design.
• Tristate Inverter, Pass Transistor and TGS This article explains the Tristate Inverter, Pass Transistor and Tramission gates
• Troposphere Wave Propagation This article explains the Troposheric Propagation with Refractive Index, Refractivity and Modified Refractivity.
• Turn Stile Antenna This article describes about the turn stile antenna in detail.
• Types of Power Converters – I This article explains the AC TO DC Converters and AC regulators.
• Types of Power Converters – II This article describes the Cyclo converters, Choppers and Inverters.
• VI Characteristics of Thyristors This article describes the VI characteristics of thyristors.
• Vonneumann and Harvard Architecture This article explains the Organization of I/O registers in Harvard Architecture and Internal Structure of a typical Microcontroller. 
• Yagi Uda Array This article explains the basic operation of Yagi-uda array.
• 100w MOSFET power amplifier This article discusses the 100W MOSFET power amplifier.
• 150 watt amplifier circuit This article discusses the Circuit Diagram & Parts List of Low Cost 150 Watt Amplifier Circuit.
• 3a switching regulator This article discusses about the switching regulator and its diagram.
• 5 microcontroller based projects you must not miss! This article explains five microcontroller based projects.
• 8051 micro-controller based robotic car This article explains how to create an robotic car using 8051.
• 8051 timers and counters This article discusses the Timers/Counters of the 8051 micro controller.
• Active and passive filters This article discusses the comparison between active and passive filters.
• Analog to digital converters This article explains the analog to digital converters.
• Audio monitoring system This article explains about the audio monitoring system.
• Audio oscillator circuit This article explains the ICL 8038 waveform generator and its circuit diagram.
• BA5417 stereo power amplifier This article explains BA5417 stereo power amplifier.
• Band pass filters This article explains the wide and narrow band pass filters.
• Band stop filter This article discusses the wide and narrow band stop filter.
• Basic relays This article explains the basic relays and a detailed list of the different types of relays.
• Blinking led using 8051 This article describes the blinking LED using 8051 in detail.
• Cascode amplifier This article discusses the Cascode amplifier with two stage circuit consisting of a transconductance amplifier followed by a buffer amplifier.
• Classification of active filters This article explains the classification of active filters like low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters.
• Delay using 8051 timer This article describes the delay using 8051 timer in detail.
• Digital thermometer circuit This article describes the circuit is based on three ICs: CA3162, CA3161 and LM35, CA3162.
• Digital to analog converters This article describes the digital to analog convertors with circuit diagram.
• Digital volume control circuit This article discusses the Digital volume control circuit in detail.
• Diode clamping circuits This article explains the positive and negative clamping.
• Diode clippers This article discusses an overview of Clipping Circuits.
• Door bell circuit using NE555 This article describes about the door bell circuit using NE555.
• Dual voltage supplies This article describes the dual voltage supplies.
• Electronic combination lock circuit using IC LS 7220 This article describes the electronic combination lock circuit using IC LS 7220.
• Embedded systems – An introduction This article describes the introduction to embedded systems.
• External interrupts handling in 8051 This article explains the concept of interrupts, how interrupts work, vector address, interrupt priority and how to write an ISR.
• Few transistor amplifier circuits This article discusses the few transistor amplifier circuits.
• Filter circuits This article explains the series and shunt filters.
• Filter circuits – active filters This article explains the introduction and classification to filters.
• Fixed positive voltage regulators This article explains in briefly about fixed positive regulators.
• Flip flop conversion This article discusses the flip-flop conversion.
• Flip flops This article describes  the basic flip flop circuits like S-R Flip Flop, J-K Flip Flop, D Flip Flop, and T Flip Flop along with truth tables and their corresponding circuit symbols.
• Floating regulator This article describes about floating regulator and its types.
• Fm transmitter circuits-the big list This article discusses the radio transmitter circuits and its schematic diagrams.
• Higher order filters This article describes the higher order filters in detail.
• IC 723 voltage regulators This article explains about IC 723 voltage regulators.
• IC based voltage regulators This article explains in IC voltage regulators using switching.
• Implement logic gates This article explains how to implement logic gates.
• INFRARED (IR) sensor/detector circuit This article describes the Circuit Diagram and description of IR sensor/detector diagram.
• Integrated circuit – classification This article describes the integrated circuit and its classification.
• Integrated circuits: merits and demerits This article explains the integrated circuits, its merits and demerits.
• Interfacing 16×2 LCD module with 8051 This article explains the interfacing 16×2 LCD module.
• Interfacing DC motor to 8051 This article describes the L293 motor driver and Bi directional DC motor using 8051 with Bidirectional motor with push button control.
• Interfacing dot matrix led display to 8051 microcontroller This article explains the LED dot matrix display and its program.
• Interfacing led and push button switch to 8051 This article discusses the interfacing LED and Push button swtich with circuit diagram and program in detail.
• Interfacing seven segment display to 8051 This article explains a note about the seven segment LED display.
• Introduction to microcontrollers – programming the PIC16F84A This article explains the microcontrollers with the programming to PIC16F84A.
• IR headset This article explains about the IR headset using transmitter.
• Languages used for embedded firmware development This article explains the languages used for embedded firmware development.
• LM3900 multi-channel audio mixer This article describes the circuit diagram in multi-channel audio diagram.
• LOG amplifier This article explains the Opamp-diode log amplifier and Opamp-transistor log.
• Low cost fire alarm circuit This article explains the Description, Circuit diagram with Parts list and notes.
• Low pass filter for subwoofer This article explains the low pass filter for subwoofer.
• Microcontroller based water level control system This article explains a water level control system in detail.
• Monolithic IC – component fabrication This article discusses the monolithic IC component fabrictaion in detail.
• Monolithic IC manufacturing process This article explains the different manufacturing process.
• Monolithic phase locked loop This article discusses the Monolithic PLL Characteristics and Phase Locked Loop (PLL) – Working.
• Monolithic/hybrid digital to analog converters This article discusses the conversion of Hybrid digital to analog converters.
• MOSFET amplifier circuits This article explains the various types of audio amplifier circuits using Mosfet.
• Motional feedback amplifier This article discusses the motional feedback amplifier.
• Motor speed control using ARDUINO This article explains the PWM motor speed control with circuit diagram.
• Multi-channel surround sound systems This article explains the  different types of sound systems.
• Op amps-operational amplifiers This article explains the Introduction to Operational Amplifiers.
• Op-amp circuits This article discusses about some of the best op-amp based circuits
• Op-amp comparator This article explains the Non-inverting 741 IC Op-amp Comparator Circuit in detail.
• Op-amp comparator – II This article explains the Inverting 741 IC Op-amp Comparator Circuit and comparator characteristics.
• Optocoupler devices and application This article explains the optocoupler-devices-and-application.
• Phase locked loops (PLL) This article describes the Introduction to PLL, its applications and block diagram.
• Photoconductive cells This article describes the circuit diagram of photoconductive cells.
• PN junction breakdown characteristics This article discusses the PN junction breakdown characteristics.
• PN junction diode and its characteristics This article explains the PN junction diode and its characteristics.
• Pulse width modulation This article describes pulse width modulation in detail.
• Pwm control using arduino This article describes PWM control using arduino.
• Random number generator using 8051 This article explains the random number generator using 8051.
• Real time operating system (RTOS) This article discusses the RTOS in detail.
• Resistance color coding This article explains understanding resistor color code chart.
• Resistors and types of resistors This article explains the resistors and its types.
• Ripple carry adder This article describes the Ripple carry adder circuit in detail.
• Schmitt trigger using op-amp This article explains the Schmitt Trigger, its characteristics and applications.
• Semiconductor diodes and diode symbol This article explains the diodes, its symbols and its properties.
• Simple audio circuits This article discusses the simple audio circuits.
• Simple IR audio link This article describes in the IR audio link.
• Software delay routine in 8051 This article explains the software delay in detail.
• Square wave generator using op-amp This article describes the square wave generator using OP-Amp.
• State variable filters This article explains the state variable filters in detail.
• Stereo FM transmitter This article explains the stereo FM transistor with circuit diagram and description.
• Subwoofer filter This article describes the subwoofer amplifier.
• Switching regulators using lm 2575 and lm 2577 This article explained about switching using LM 2575 and LM 2577.
• TDA2822 Amplifier Circuit This article describes the TDA2822 amplifier circuit.
• Transistor Amplifier This article explains the transistor amplifier with gain, bandwidth and etc.
• Transistor Clipping Circuits This article discusses the transistor fabrication, substrate PNP, Lateral PNP and Triple diffused PNP.
• TV Transmitter Circuit This article discusses in transmitter circuits
• Types of active filters This article discusses the Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Elliptic filters.
• Ultrasonic Proximity Detector This article discusses the ultrasonic proximity detector.
• UPS-Uninterruptable Power Supplies This article describes in uninterruptable power supplies using UPS
• USB Sound Card This article explains the USB Sound card in detail.
• Vacuum Tube Diodes- Introduction  This article describes the Introduction to Vacuum tube diodes.
• Voltage Level Detector Circuit This article explains the Voltage level detector circuits with diagram.
• Voltage Multiplier  This article describes the voltage multipliers in detail.
• Voltage Regulators This article discuss about zener voltage regulators, discrete transistor, electro mechanical.
• Voltmeter Using 8051 This article discusses the Voltmeter using 8051 with cricuit diagram and program.
• Water Level Controller Circuit This article discusses the circuit diagram, description and power supply of this circuit.
• Water Sensor Circuit with Alarm This article discusses about the water sensor circuit with alarm
• What is a tunnel diode? This article explains the tunnel diode.
• Working of Amplifiers This article describes the amplifier and role of amplifier.
• Working of contactors This article explains the working of contactors in detail.
• Working of relays This article discusses the working of relays its design and how it works in detail
• Zero crossing detector using 741 IC This article explains the  Zero Crossing Detector using 741 IC and it as a Time Marker Generator.
• 3-D Chip Design Strategy This article explains the strategy of 3D chip design in detail.
• Advanced Tools in Reconfigurable Computing This article explains the highlevel languages and extending HDL languages. 
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Reconfigurable Computing This article discusses the several advantages and drawbacks of Reconfigurable computing.
• Advantages of 3-D IC Technologies This article explains the Reduction of interconnect delay, Microprocessor Design and Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits.
• Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing This article describes the signal with two frequency components.
• An Introduction to Robotics and Automation This article describes about the Robotics and Automation.
• Analog to Digital Conversion This article explains the analog domain in the time and amplitude.
• Application: Up-Conversion This article explains the baseband frequency components.
• Asynchronous FIFO-Clock Generation Using DCM This article explains the Clock Generation using Digital Clock Manager.
• AVR Basics This article explains about datasheet of any electronic item, component, device.
• Baseband Sampling This article explains about the maximum frequency of the signal processing.
• Basic Parts of a Robot This article describes about the different components in brief like Locomotion, Actuators, Sensors, Signal Processing, Control System.
• Basics of Microcontrollers This article explains about Elementary Microcontroller Concepts.
• Channel Modeling – An Introduction This article describes transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna .
• Clock Definitions This article explains the clock definitions in details.
• Clock Gating This article describes the Latch-based clock gating, Latch free clock gating.
• Codes Used in CDMA This article explains the types of codes by using CDMA.
• Colored Noise Generation This article describes the power spectral density in the frequency spectrum.
• Delays in ASIC Design This article explains the several types of delays in ASIC design.
• Difference between a Latch and a Flip-Flop This article explains the differencs between a latch and flip-flop.
• Difference between FPGA and ASIC This article explains the differences between FPGA and ASIC.
• Difference between FPGA and CPLD This article discusses the difference between FPGA and CPLD.
• Different Types of Electrical Motors and Gear Motors This article discusses the Electrical & Mechanical Equipments in India.
• Dual Tone Generation This article describes the dual tone generation.
• Dynamic Vs Static Timing Analysis This article discusses the Dynamic vs Static Timing Analysis
• EB/N0 Vs BER for BPSK over Rayleigh Channel and AWGN Channel This article describes the simulation of channel using Clarke’s model and Young’s model.
• EB/N0 Vs BER for BPSK over Rician Fading Channel This article describes the simulation of BPSK over Rayleigh Fading channel.
• Effects of Sampling Rate This article explains the signal of frequency in the over sampling factor.
• Embedded System for Automatic Washing Machine Using Microchip PIC18f Series Microcontroller This article explains the ardware and software specifications of PIC18F series microcontroller.
• Equipments Required in VLSI Fabrication This article describes the Several equipments that required for the complete wafer processing into a chip.
• Fabrication Plant Layout and Location of Equipments This article explains the fabrication plant layout and location of equipment.
• FIFO Pointers This article describes the two types of counters that are used as FIFO pointers- binary counters and Grey counters.
• FPGA Implementation of FIR Filter This article discusses the Design of filter using MATLAB and Suitable architecture for filter implementation.
• FPGA-ASIC Design Advantages-Disadvantages This article explains the FPGA and ASIC advantages and disadvantages.
• Fundamentals of Timing This article explains the Timing paths.
• I/O Port Operations in MSP430 This article describes about the architecture of MSP430 microcontroller.
• Intermediate Sampling or Under-Sampling This article describes the bandpass signal by using with bandwidth frequency.
• Introduction to OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing This article explains the modulations to the changes of the frequency.
• Introduction to Single Board Computing This article describes about the deals with single board computers.
• Learn How Microcontroller Works This article explains how microcontroller works in detail.
• Libraries in Physical Design This article describes the Standard Cell Libraries, I/O Cell Libraries, Special Cell Libraries and Technology File Libraries.
• Log Distance Path Loss or Log Normal Shadowing Model This article describes the distance of transmitter and receiver.
• Low Power Design Techniques This article explains some of the low power techniques in use today
• LTI System Models for Random Signals – AR, MA and ARMA Models This article describes the estimate the process of signal modeling.
• Moving Average Filter (MA Filter) This article explains to the smoothing an array of sampled data/signal.
• Multiplexing 7 Segment Display Using PIC Microcontroller This article explains the multiplexing of seven segment display using PIC microcontroller to implement decimal counter which will increment 0000 to 9999.
• New Asynchronous FIFO Design This article explains the Asynchronous FIFO – General Working.
• New Devices-FINFET and SOI MOSFET This article describes the New Devices-FinFET and SOI MOSFET.
• Nyquist and Shannon Theorem This article explains the Power and Bandwidth Efficiency.
• Operating Condition: Operating Temperature Variation This article explains about opearting temperature variation
• Overview of VLSI Fabrication Facility This article discusses the CMOS technology and process plan of VLSI fabrication facility.
• PIC Microcontrollers for Digital Filter Implementation This article describes the key features or the core features of PIC16F87XA microcontroller.
• QPSK Modulation and Demodulation This article describes the digital modulation techniques using a set of basis functions.
• Rayleigh Fading Simulation – Young’s Model This article describes the types of fading with Doppler shift.
• Reconfigurable Computing This article explains the High-performance microprocessors, Application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and  Reconfigurable computing (RC) systems.
• Robot Locomotion Principles This article describes about the different components in brief like Locomotion System.
• Role of Pulse Shaping in Communication Systems This article describes to the implement a binary system using switches.
• RTL Coding for Logic Synthesis This article discusses the Synthesizable and Non-Synthesizable Verilog constructs.
• Sensor Fundamentals This article explain about some senses to become totally autonomous.
• Service Facilities of VLSI Fabrication This article discusses the several service facilities required for the fabrication plant.
• Setup and Hold Slack This article discusses the difference between actual or achieved time and the desired time for a timing path. 
• Setup and Hold Time Definition  This article discusses the setup time and hold time.
• Spread Spectrum Communications – Intro This article explains the multiple users in advantages and disadvantages.
• Statistical Characteristics of Multipath Channels – Scattering Function This article explains the AWGN channel mode for simulation and modeling.
• Symbol Timing Recovery for QPSK (Digital Modulations) This article explains the transmitting data across a communication system.
• Transition Delay and Propagation Delay This article describes the setting time and space constraints in detail.
• Transmitter, AWGN Channel and Receiver This article explains the modulations of Transmitter, AWGN channel and Receiver.
• Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter – UART-Rs232 This article explains the he Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) controller.
• Uses of Refractometer  This article discusses the uses of refractometer in detail.
• Vertical Interconnect Technologies (3-D ICS) This article explains the Wire-bonding, Micro-bumps, Through-vias and Contact less interconnect.
• Application-specific integrated circuit This article explains the application specific integrated circuit.
• AVR watch This article discusses the AVR watch in detail.
• Breakout board for wireless devices This article discusses the Breakout Board for Wireless Devices Using the Nordic nRF24L01+.
• Dual in-line package This article discusses the in-line package.
• FTDI based USB to UART/485 interface This article explains the FTDI based USB to UART/485 interface.
• Heat generation in integrated circuits This article explains heat generation in integrated circuits.
• Integrated circuit design This article discusses the integrated circuit design in detail.
• Integrated circuit packaging This article describes the integrated circuit packaging.
• LED lighting on a budget This article explains the LED lighting  on a budget.
• Power manager This article explains about the Soft Power Control of USB and Low Voltage Devices.
• Study on integrated circuit This article explains study on integrated circuit.
• USB current meter This article explains the USB current meter.
• USB sensors with at tiny microcontrollers This article describes the USB sensors with microcontrollers.
• “Science in the Age of Austerity” – An Example This article explains about the threats to science in an age of global austerity.
• 50 Years of Metallic Glasses This article describes the uses of bulk metallic glasses and their applications.
• A Perfect Couple for Designing Chemical Reactions This article explains the light interactions into the energy of chemical reactions.
• Are Fridge Magnets The Future In Computer Memory? This article describes using the fridge magnets and related magnets with electric voltages.
• At The Frontier in Electronic Materials This article discusses the introducing nanosessions and the ionic versus electronic effects.
• Atomic Identity Checks This article discusses the use transmission electron microscopes for imaging atoms in a crystal. 
• Atoms at Negative Absolute Temperatures This article explains the lower temperatures, atomic motions slow down to the motion of atoms. 
• Capacitors and Inductors This article explains the capacitors and inductors.
• Catching Up On Nanophotonics This article describes the nanophotonics is interaction of light with matter on extremely small length scales.
• Citations and the Problem of Capturing Impact This article describes the terms of fundamental flaws in weighing data, and important data missing in the underlying data sets.
• Close Encounters with Outer Shells This article explains the nucleus in the number of protons and neutrons.
• Coaxial ‘Cables’ Make Great Lasers, Too This article describes the coaxial cable plug and the coaxial nanolaser is more than 15,000 times smaller. 
• Competition in Flatland This article explains about of two-dimensional materials .
• Computer-Enhanced Images with Almost Perfect Resolution This article explains the resolution they achieve is better than what even the best photographic lens can ever hope to image.
• Digital and Analog Multimeter This article describes the digital and analog multimeter with accuracy, sensitivity and input impedance.
• Diode Circuit Applications This article explains the diode circuit applications.
• Electrons Out Of Balance This article discusses the fundamental effect behind capacitors used in electronics.
• Get Those Computers Spinning This article discusses the ways of computing using the quantum mechanical property of spin.
• Glasses Tougher Than Steel This article explains the crystalline metals its atomic structure is more or less random. 
• Graphene on the Edge This article describes about unique electronic properties.
• Graphene’s New Look This article explains the plasmons in graphene can be created by illuminating the tip of an atomic force microscope.
• Gravity Weighs In On Spectroscopy This article explain about the absorption of light by various chemical elements in the sun.
• How Sustainable is Future Technology Growth? This article describes the advanced technologies from atom-sized computing to genetic engineering.
• How the Stuff from Sun Lotions Became One of the Hottest Materials in Physics This article discusses the electronic device used to measure the high electron mobility in ZnO.
• How to Get Rich Fast with Batteries This article describes the rechargeable batteries in comparison to lithium-ion batteries.
• How to Make a Transistor Based On Electron Spin This article explains about fundamental unit of a computer is the transistor.
• How to Put the Quantum into Silicon Computers This article explains to solve complex mathematical problems and parallel computer operations.
• I’ve Got You under My Skin This article discusses the stretchable electronic arrays and its properties of electronic devices.
• Impact Factor Season This article explains the biosensing with plasmonic nano sensors.
• Introduction to Electronics This article describes the basic quantities of electronics.
• Light Does Matter This article discusses the light reflected, refracted and interference with other light of the same wavelength. 
• Light-Bending to the Extreme This article describes the light arrives at the lens that quantifies this effect is the refractive index.
• Lots Of Back And Forth in Molecular Motors This article discusses the organic molecules that perform repeated mechanical motions.
• Magnetism’s New Hotness This article explains about store digital information.
• Maximum Power Transfer This article discusses the maximum power transfer.
• Measuring Fields in the Tiniest Spots This article explains the use iron filings sprayed around a magnet using nanometres. 
• Measuring Mass by Telling the Time This article discusses about the measure of weight in same ultra-high precision with which atomic clocks measure time. 
• More Cool Polariton Stuff This article describes the all polaritons are identical — they oscillate synchronously. 
• More Hanbury Brown and Twiss Fun This article explain about related to the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect.
• Notes on BJT Transistors This article discusses the notes on BJT transistors.
• Notes on Diodes and Rectifiers This article discusses the notes on diodes and rectifiers.
• Notes on the Field Effect Transistor (FET) This article explains the notes on the field effect transistor.
• Plucking Light Out Of Space This article discusses the black holes emit light being the Casimir effect.
• Power Grid Designs for the Future This article discusses the large power stations are connected to urban population centres.
• Principle and Types of Analog and Digital Instruments This article explains the principle and types of analog and digital instruments.
• RC and RL Circuits This article discusses the RC and RL circuits in detail.
• Real-Time Holographic Video Displays Could Be Near This article describes a refreshable holographic video displays of an fiction films. 
• Redoubled Efforts in Solar Cells This article describes about renewable energy resources.
• Relaxing Times for Scanning Tunnelling Microscopes This article describes the used to measure the topology with atomic precision.
• Restoring Oil Paintings Digitally This article discusses the restoration of dust and grime on the surface of a painting.
• RLC Band Pass and Notch Filters This article describes the RLC band pass and notch filters.
• Samarium Hexaboride This article discusses the topological insulators are electrically insulating in their interior.
• Science Doesn’t Shoot From the Hip This article describes the some of the most profound discoveries in modern physics.
• Science in the Age of Austerity This article describes the long-term benefits are notoriously difficult to predict in science. 
• Self-Regenerating Solar Cells This article explains the carbon nanotubes, bacterial light-harvesting proteins in kind of solar cell .
• Semiconductor Optical Switches Reach the Speed of Light This article describes the fibre optic cables transmit information, transmit many data channels and its uses.
• Sensors in the Focus This article explains the sensing the presence of molecules in gases and liquids.
• Shrinking Computer Chips, String Theory This article explains the possible new data storage material, and the other one about string theory.
• Shrinking Magnetic Storage Devices This article explains the magnetic storage elements in measurement of the magnetic properties.
• Snapshots of Magnetic Fields This article discusses the earth’s magnetic field in the magnetic domains.
• Solar Cells Brought Into Shape This article describes about efficiency of solar cells and its significant impact.
• Stewardship of Scientific Data This article explains the scientific data is variety of data backup and data visualization to open data. 
• Superfast Broadband This article discusses the speed of broadband such as fastest broadband and fibre optic broadband.
• Superposition: Analyzing Circuits with Multiple Sources This article describes the Superposition: Analyzing circuits with multiple sources.
• Synthesizers for Light Waves This article explains the check out video and sound in the electronic synthesizers.
• Teaching New Tricks to Insulators This article discusses the two separate sets of domains such as ferroelectrics and multiferroics.
• The ‘Anti-Laser’ This article explains the two energy states that are placed between two mirrors. 
• The Air is Getting Thinner for Silicon’s Competitors This article describes the used to run an electric current through a silicon layer. 
• The Beethoven Connection This article describes the nanocomposite of crystal-like structures connected by flexible links. 
• The Cloak That Hides Events in Time This article discusses the cloaks of devices that conceal objects from an observer.
• The Cool Side of Semiconductors This article explains about cooler part of the semiconductor.
• The Dark Side of Photonics This article describes the holograms and displays to optical telecommunications to advances in fabrication technology. 
• The demon is out of the bottle This article describes the matter of the fact is that thermodynamics energy information.
• The Economics of Science This article discusses the benefits and its uses of economic term.
• The Fukushima Debate Misses the Broader Picture This article explains about the nuclear energy to radiation levels of radiation.
• The Importance of Scientific Research This article discusses the scientific research to highlight an issue the threat to the scientific infrastructure.
• The Reluctance of Science to Open Up This article describes the microattributions of scientific arguments between the pioneers of quantum mechanics. 
• The Thing with Graphene Transistors This article explains research areas in nanotechnology .
• The Two Sides of Promoting Materials Science This article explains the material science applications and fundamental physics. 
• The Ultimate Optical Surface Devices This article explains the dramatic effect on a light beam in the wavelength of surface devices.
• The Ultimate X-Ray Machines Are Ready To Go This article describes about research on X-Ray Machine.
• The Very Fabric of Research: A Visit to the ILL in Grenoble This article describes about research on fabric.
• Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits  This article explains the The Simplest Picture of a Black Box Source in Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
• Through The Tangled Web This article describes the microstructure of these polymers controls in the electronic devices.
• Too Much Travelling in Science This article discusses the benefit to attending conferences in the scientific collaborations.
• Topological Insulators Get Down To Business This article describes the topological insulators on their surface revolution in electronics.
• Transistors Reach the Single Atom Limit This article explains the phosphorus is a natural choice for such a transistor and types of quantum computing. 
• Ultracold Atoms as Model Systems This article describe their wavefunctions are identical, objects in the different physical entities.
• What are the realistic promises of metamaterials and cloaking? This article describes the potential of metamaterials using by cloaking devices.
• Whither Organic Solar Cells? This article discusses the researchers from the inorganic solar cell and organic solar cells community.
• Why fancy illustrations are so wrong This article explains the nanotechnology is a science of functional devices to  size of atoms in conventional electron microscope. 
• X-Ray Crystallography Made Easy This article explains the x-ray diffraction experiments in the way of crystallography works.
• Frequency Domain This article explains the frequency domain with impedence, resistors, capacitors and inductors in detail.
• A study on multimeter This article discusses the study on multimeter in detail.
• Autopilot control system The article explains about to guide an aerial vehicle without assistance from a human being.  
• Autopilot control system – II This article discusses the block diagram  of autopilot control system in detail.
• Autopilot control system – III This article explains the determination of Orientation from acceleration data, Gyroscope and  Calibration of input devices of autopilot control systems.
• Autopilot control system – IV This article discusses the autopilot control system in detail.
• Basic electronic components This article discusses the basic electronic components like capacitors and wires.
• Basic electronic components – II This article explains the basic electronic components like diodes, meters and power supplies.
• Digital image watermarking The article describes about introduction of digital image watermaking
• Digital image watermarking – part 2 The article describes about background and review material of digital image watermaking.
• Digital image watermarking – part 3 The article describes about contibutional work description of digital image watermaking.
• Electronic circuit breaker The article describes about electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
• H-BRIDGE L293B/D This article explains about the H-bridge L293B/D.
• Led highbay lights This article explains the LED highbay lights.
• Led light bulbs that emit happiness This article explains the LED light bulbs in detail.
• Led lighting This article discusses why LED Lighting and its differences from traditional lighting.
• Led lighting: an alternative solution This article describes an alternative solution to the LED lighting.
• Motor controller: H-bridge This article describes the basic, unidirectional controller and bi-directional controller.
• Serial communication in 8051 This article discusses the serial communication in 8051 in detail.
• Serial communication in 8051 – II This article discusses the serial communication in 8051 in detail.
• Start using led light bulb to reduce your electricity cost at home This article discusses how to use LED light bulb to reduce your electricity cost at home.
• Ultrasonic water depth sensor This article discusses the ultrasonic water depth sensor.
• What are circuit breakers This article discusses the circuit breakers in detail.
• Why should you use led down lights This article explains why to use LED down lights.
• Accuracy and Burden Voltage This article discusses the Standard portable digital multimeters on the DC voltage ranges. 
• Alkaline This article discusses the type of disposable battery, multitude of battery holders and accessories. 
• Alternating Current (Ac) Vs. Direct Current (Dc) This article explains the types of current flow in a voltage circuit. 
• Battery Technologies This article describes the multitude of different battery technologies and its terminology.
• Circuit Assembly This article discusses the resistor of higher value and take readings of the current and the angle of the compass. 
• Circuit Diagram This article explains the electrical diagram, elementary diagram, or electronic schematic in the circuit diagram.
• Coin Cell This article describes the coin cell batteries power and types of the batteries.
• Compass This article describes the direction relative to the Earth’s magnetic poles.
• Direct Current (DC) This article describes the DC provides a constant voltage or current.
• Earth’s Magnetic Field This article explains the magnetosphere shields the surface of the Earth.
• Electronic Color Code This article explains the indicate the values or ratings of electronic components.
• Field Characteristics This article describes the strength of the field at the Earth’s surface ranges.
• How the Compass Works This article explains the working of compass and limitations of the compass.
• Lithium Polymer This article discusses the Lithium Polymer batteries are very useful for embedded electronics. 
• Magnetic Field Detection This article describes the magnetometers to probe the 3-D structure of the Earth’s magnetic field.
• Magnetic Field of a Solenoid This article describes the derivation of the magnetic field around a solenoid fringe effects.
• Magnetic Field of the Coil This article describes the obtained the resistor of the coil wire and resistors.
• Magnetic Field Reversals This article discusses the Earth’s magnetic field reverses at intervals and ranging.
• Magnetic Field Variations This article explains the magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth’s magnetic field
• Magnetic Poles and Magnetic Dipole This article discusses the magnetic poles and the magnetic dipole.
• Measurements of Magnetic Fields – I This article describes the measurements of magnetic fields objectives and the materials.
• Measurements of Magnetic Fields – II This article discusses the measurements of magnetic fields background.
• Measurements of Magnetic Fields – Method This article explains the measurements of magnetic fields method.
• Mnemonics This article discusses the useful mnemonic matches of the color code and its variations.
• Modern Compasses This article discusses the use a magnetized needle or dial inside a capsule completely filled with fluid.
• Multimeter This article explains the electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. 
• Nickel Metal Hydride This article explains the Nickel Metal Hydride batteries are a very proven rechargeable technology. 
• Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor This article describes the color coded component is a resistor, capacitor, or inductor.
• Resolution This article describes the resolution of digits and the analog.
• Right-Hand Rule This article describes the common mnemonic for notation conventions for vectors in 3 dimensions. 
• Right-Hand Rule – Directions This article discusses the direction associated with an ordered pair of directions and rotation.
• Sensitivity and Input Impedance This article explains the measuring voltage, the input impedance of the multimeter.
• Solenoid This article explains the solenoid long, thin loop of wire, often wrapped around a metalliccore.
• Uses of Compass This article describes the magnetic compass points correcting for variation and deviation. 
• The Birth of Computational Quantum Gravity This article explains the birth of computational quantum gravity.
• 150 watt amplifier circuit This article explains the 150 watts amplifier circuit in detail.
• 36-Bits leds display driver This article discusses the 36-bits LEDS display driver.
• 3G Technology This article explains the 3 G Technology in detail.
• 4 X 15 Watt power amplifier This article discusses the 4 X 15 watt  power amplifier in detail.
• 5 Microcontroller based projects This article describes the microcontroller based in 5 methods.
• 555 Timer as monostable multivibrator This article describes the 555 timer as monostable multivibrator.
• 555 Timer basics This article discusses the 555 Timer basics.
• 6-Digits 7-segment leds display driver This article explains the six digits, seven segments LED display driver.
• A generalized measurement system This article explains the comparison between the quantities.
• Acousto-optic deflection transducers This article discusses the application of the phase modulated electronic signal. 
• Active crossover circuit This article explains the active crossover circuit.
• Addressing modes of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article explains the addressing modes of 8051/8031 microcontroller.
• Am radio background information This article explains the technique used in electronic communication.
• Analog to digital multiplexing This article explains the multiplexer in analog to digital conversion.
• Analog-to-digital converters This article describes the device which converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers.
• Android applications for electronics and electrical engineers This article describes the useful applications released in Android market in Electrical and Electronics.
• Angle-beam transducers This article discusses the structural elements by the pulse-echo technique. 
• Applications of 8085 microprocessor (dac interface) This article discusses the applications of 8085 microprocessor.
• Applications of diode This article explains the application and uses of the diodes.
• Applications of GPS This article explains the applications of the GPS.
• Architecture of 8031/8051 microcontroller This article discusses the architecture of 8031/8051 microcontroller.
• Armos This article explains about the Arm operating system.
• Astable and monostable multivibrator using ne555 timer This article discusses the combination of linear comparators and digital flip flops. 
• Attenuation & attenuator This article discusses the reduction in amplitude and intensity of a signal.
• Automatic lamp control This article explains automatic lamp control.
• Autonomous robot & autonomous vehicle This article describes the desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance.
• Auto-transformer This article explains the auto-transformers in detail.
• Band theory of solids This article explains the band theory of solids.
• Basic concept of GPS This article describes the basic Concept of the GPS.
• Basic elements and components of an amplifier This article discusses the basic elements and components of an amplifier.
• Bat detector background information This article discusses the bat detector types, uses and its advantages.
• Beverage antenna background information This article explains the very effective long wire receiving antenna. 
• Bicycle theft guard This article discusses the bicycle theft guard.
• Binary-coded decimal (BCD) This article describes the encoding for decimal numbers.
• Bipolar transistors This article explains the bipolar transistors.
• Block diagram of 555 timer IC This article explains the block diagram and working principle of 555 Timer IC.
• Breathalyzer circuit using 8051 This article discusses the breathalyzer circuit using 8051 microcontroller.
• Cantenna background information This article discusses the used to increase the range of a wireless network.
• Capacitive transducers This article describes the many applications in physical transducers. 
• Capacitor & capacitance – applications This article explains the various uses in electronic and electrical systems.
• Capacitor & capacitance – basics This article describes the electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors.
• Capacitor & capacitance – electrical circuits This article discusses the electrons within dielectric molecules are influenced by the electric field.
• Capacitor & capacitance – hazards and safety This article discusses the hazards and safety of the capacitor.
• Capacitor & capacitance – Physics This article explains the consists of two conductive electrodes, or plates, separated by a dielectric.
• Capacitor & capacitance – types This article describes the types of the capacitor.
• Capacitor transient response This article discusses the capacitor transient response
• Cascode amplifier This article explains the cascode amplifier in detail.
• Cathode ray tube (crt) display This article explains the amplitude of such signals.
• Charge-coupled device (CCD) This article describes the analog shift register, enabling analog signals, usually light, manipulation.
• Chemfet transducers This article discusses the operation of the chemical field-effect transistor.
• Chemical and environmental transducers This article describes the proportional to the magnitude of the measurand.
• Chua’s circuit This article explains the circuit is a simple electronic circuit.
• Classification & selection of transducers This article explains the several other transducers and selection of transducers.
• Classification of a.c. motors This article explains the classification of AC motors.
• Classification of materials based on energy band theory This article discusses the classification of materials based on energy band theory.
• Classification of moving iron instruments This article discusses the classification of moving iron instruments.
• Coherer background information This article discusses the primitive form of radio signal detector.
• Common emitter RC coupled amplifier This article explains the common emitter RC coupled amplifier.
• Computer music This article discusses the music generated or composed with the aid of computers.
• Computer vision This article explains the computer vision in detail.
• CPU monitoring circuit This article describes the computer temperature monitoring program to function.
• Crystal radio receiver This article describes the crystal radio receiver is a simple kind of crystal set.
• Data memory of 8031/8051 microcontroller This article explains the data memory of 8031/8051 microcontroller.
• Definitions about three-phase voltages This article explains the definitons about the three-phase voltages.
• Dielectric break down This article explains the dielectric breakdown.
• Digital data acquisition system This article discusses the uses for measurement systems with wide bandwidth. 
• Digital storage oscilloscope This article discusses the digital storage oscilloscope advantages and its disadvantages.
• Digital to analog multiplexing This article discusses the conversion of digital to analog multiplexer.
• Dimmer devices This article explains the devices used to vary the brightness of a light. 
• Diode – basics This article discusses the basics of the diode in detail.
• Diode – types This article describes the types of diodes.
• Doppler effect transducers This article explains the Two techniques are used in the measurement of fluid flow velocity.
• Dynamic braking of shunt machine, series machine & compound machine This article explains Dynamic braking of shunt machine, series machine & compound machine.
• Dynamic scattering display This article discusses the dynamic scattering display.
• Dynamometer type three-phase wattmeter This article describes the consists of two separate wattmeter movements.
• Electric knife sharpening This article discusses the electric knife sharpening.
• Electrodynamometer (electrodynamics) type instruments This article explains the operational principle of Electrodynamometer type instruments.
• Electrodynamometer wattmeter’s This article discusses the Construction of Electrodynamometer Wattmeter.
• Electrolytic capacitor This article discusses the type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid.
• Electromagnetic transducer This article explains the application of this transduction mechanism.
• Electrometer This article describes the electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference.
• Electronic music This article explains the use of electronic musical instruments or electronic music technology.
• Examples of applications for computer vision This article discusses the examples of applications for computer vision.
• Extremely low frequency This article describes the ELF is band of radio frequencies.
• Features & functional block diagram of 8259 processor This article describes the features, functional block diagram of 8259 processor.
• Ferrodynamic type wattmeter This article explains the Using iron cores for the coils.
• Filter & linearization in signal conditioning system This article discusses the passive filters or using active devices.
• Fire alarm circuit This article discusses the functions of Fire alarm circuit in detail.
• FM modulation This article explains the conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency.
• Foil strain gages This article describes the Using a multiple-image negative of a gage.
• Franklin oscillator This article discusses the franklin oscillator.
• Free space optics (FSO) This article discusses the uses of light propagating in free space to transmit data between two points.
• Full wave rectifier This article explains the full wave rectifier in detail.
• Gas turbines This article explains the gas turbines in detail.
• Gas turbine-steam turbine power plant This article describes the gas-turbine-steam turbine-power plant.
• Geiger counter This article describes the type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation.
• Generation & distribution of electricity This article describes the use fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) and nuclear facilities that use uranium.
• Genetic algorithm This article explains the technique used in computing to find exact or approximate solutions to optimization & search problems.
• Genetic algorithm applications This article discusses the applications of the genetic algorithms.
• Genetic programming This article describes the computer programs that perform a user-defined task.
• Global positioning system – basics This article explains the space-based global navigation satellite system.
• Global positioning system – history This article discusses the history of the Global Positioning System.
• Hall-effect transducers This article discusses the Hall-effect devices is a p-type or an n-type semiconductor.
• Heat exchangers This article describes about the heat exchangers in detail.
• Heat sinks used in power transistors This article explains the heat sinks used in power transistors.
• High speed applications of linear motors This article discusses the high speed applications of linear motors.
• History of diode This article explains the history of two-terminal electronic component.
• Hot-wire anemometer (thermoresistive transducer) This article describes the using microstructure analysis of gas and liquid flows. 
• How a tesla coil works This article describes the working of a tesla coil.
• How to build digital electronic lock This article describes the digital lock using 4 common logic Ics.
• Impacts of solar cycle This article explains the impacts of the solar cycle radiation.
• Induction motor This article discusses the induction motor in detail.
• Inductive transducers This article discusses the mutual inductance between two coils.
• Installing a gps tracking system This article discusses the how to install a GPS tracking system.
• Integrating type digital voltmeter This article explains the integrating type digital voltmeter.
• Integrator and differentiator This article describes the two types of differentiator.
• Intel 8085 architecture This article describes the architecture of Intel 8085.
• Intel 8085 microprocessor based system This article discusses the intel 8085 microprocessor in detail.
• Intel 8279 microprocessor – keyboard/display controller This article explains the Intel 8279 microprocessor – keyboard/display controller.
• Intelligent ambulance with automatic traffic control This article explains the victims and moreover the traffic conditions.
• Interfacing 8251a to 8086 processor This article discusses the interfacing 8251A to 8086 processor.
• Interfacing 8259 with 8085 microprocessor This article explains the interfacing 8259 with 8085 microprocessor.
• Interfacing 8279 with 8086 processor This article discusses the Interfacing 8279 with 8086 processor.
• Interfacing intel 8251a with 8085 processor This article explains the Interfacing 8251A with 8085.
• Interfacing of 8257 with 8085 processor This article discusses the Interfacing of 8257 with 8085 processor.
• Interrupts of intel 8085 This article discusses the interrupts of 8085
• Introduction to 555 timer ic This article explains the introduction to 555 timer IC.
• Introduction to electric motors This article discusses the range of sizes and types of motors.
• Introduction to tesla coil This article discusses the tesla coil introduction and its uses.
• Introduction to transducers This article discusses the transformation of one form of energy into another form.
• Introduction to transformer This article discusses the introduction to transformer.
• Inverting and non inverting amplifiers This article explains the inverting and non inverting amplifiers.
• Keyboard and display interface using intel 8279 microprocessor This article describes the Interfacing 8279 with 8085 processor.
• Kind of resistors This article explains the kind of resistors in detail.
• Laser diode This article explains the laser diode.
• LED This article discusses the used to a indicator lamps in many devices.
• LED – advantages and disadvantages This article explains the characteristic of an LED advantages and disadvantages.
• LED – Technology This article discusses the consists of a chip of semiconducting material technology.
• LED – Types This article describes the main types of LEDs.
• LED lamp This article explains the LED Lamp in detail.
• Level converters / signal converters in a signal conditioning system This article explains the interaction with subsequent system elements.
• Lightning protection for the home This article explains the lightning protection for the home.
• Linear motors This article explains the linear motors.
• Liquid crystal cell This article discusses the liquid crystal cell.
• Liquid crystal display (LCD) This article explains the liquid crystal display.
• Lm35 series precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors This article discusses the integrated-circuit temperature sensors.
• Loudspeaker This article discusses the basics and types of loudspeaker.
• Machine vision This article describes the components of a machine vision system 
• Manometers This article discusses the manometers in detail.
• Marx generator This article explains the Marx generator.
• Mechanical imaging transducers This article describes the method of echo location in pulse-echo technique.
• Memory interfacing of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article discusses the memory interfacing of 8051/8031 microcontroller.
• Metallic glasses This article discusses the metallic glasses in detail.
• Mini amplifier circuits This article describes the mini amplifier circuits.
• Mobile phone radiation and health This article discusses the mobile phone radiation and health.
• Monitors and debuggers This article discusses the monitors and debuggers.
• Mosfet amplifier circuits This article discusses the MOSFET amplifier circuits.
• Multipath & fading This article explains about the multipath and fading.
• New laser promises to make internet faster This article explains the orders of magnitude the rate of data transmission in the optical-fibre network.
• Nitrogen laser This article describes the definition and basics of nitrogen laser.
• Nuclear power plant This article discusses the nuclear power plant.
• Op amps-operational amplifiers This article describes the Introduction to Operational Amplifiers.
• Optical disc types This article discusses the commercial grade discs and use a metallic data layer. 
• Optical fiber This article discusses the optical fiber.
• Optical fiber communication This article explains the optical fiber communication in detail.
• Optical media preservation This article explains the components in libraries, and store audio, video, and computer data. 
• Parabolic antenna This article discusses the basics of parabolic antenna.
• Passive filter vs. Active filter This article explains the passive filters vs Active filter.
• Permanent magnet moving coil instrument (pmmc) This article explains the permanent magnet moving coil instrument.
• Phase of electricity This article discusses the three phase systems of electricity.
• Photo transistor This article discusses the photo transistor.
• Photocell (photoresistor) This article describes the electronic component of the resistance.
• Photo-diode This article explains the photo-diode in detail.
• Physical strain gage transducers This article discusses the physical transducers to measure in the strain gage.
• Pins and signals of 8031/8051 microcontroller This article explains the pins and signals of 8031/8051.
• Pir sensor based security system This article explains the PIR based security system.
• Planer LED This article explains the planar LED in detail.
• Polymer transducers This article describes the strong piezoelectric properties in transducers. 
• Polyphase transformers This article explains the polyphase transformers.
• Position sensing transducers This article explains the photodiodes are used in the measurement linear position sensing.
• Potentiometric type digital voltmeter This article explains the potentiometric type of DVM employs voltage comparison technique. 
• Power amplifier circuit using tda2009 This article explains the power amplifier circuit using TDA2009.
• Pressure sensor This article discusses the pressure sensor.
• Principles of design of water supply This article describes the principles storage of water in the water supply.
• Programmable dma controller – intel 8257 This article explains DMA controller Intel 8257.
• Programmable unijunction transistor This article explains the programmable uni junction transistor.
• Qcm – amplitude of motion This article discusses the amplitude of motion and effects of temperature and stress.
• Quartz crystal microbalance This article describes the measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator.
• Quartz crystal microbalance – operation This article explains the QCM different types of the operations.
• Radio waves propagation This article explains the radio waves propagation.
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) This article explains the radio-frequency identification in detail.
• Rectifier type instruments This article describes digital voltmeter and its types.
• Rectifiers & diode bridges This article discusses the rectifiers and diode bridges.
• Registers of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article explains the registers of 8051/8031 microcontroller.
• Relaxation oscillator This article discusses the relaxation oscillator.
• Resistance heating This article explains the resistance heating in detail.
• Resistance strain gages This article discusses the unbonded and bonded wire strain gages.
• Resistive transducer (potentiometric transducers) This article describes the varied applications in the transduction of measurands.
• Running underground cable This article discusses the running underground cable in detail.
• Secure digital access system using ibutton This article explains the secure digital access system using iButton.
• Seismometer & seismogram This article discusses the seisometer and seismogram.
• Semiconductor strain gages This article explains the semiconductor strain gages operate in the transduction mechanism.
• Sensor This article explains the definition and basics of sensor.
• Serial data communication in 8051 microcontroller This article discusses the serial data communication in 8051 microcontroller.
• Serial port control register (scon) of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article discusses the Serial Port Control Register of 8051/8031 Microcontroller.
• Seven segment display This article explains the seven segment display.
• Short notes on: accuracy, linearity, threshold, drift & stability This article describes the characteristics symmetrically & linearly the instruments.
• Shunt field dc motor This article discusses the shunt field DC motor.
• Signal conditioning circuits: data acquisition systems This article describes the measure and record signals obtained in two ways. 
• Signal conditioning circuits: differential amplifiers This article explains the Electronic measurement systems are combinations of instruments and components.
• Signal conditioning system This article explains the linearising or  multiplication by another function. 
• Silicon controlled rectifier This article explains the silicon controlled rectifier.
• Simulators and emulators This article discusses the simulators and emulators.
• Single phase induction type energy meters This article describes the Construction of Induction Type Energy Meters.
• Single-element transducers (longitudinal mode transducers) This article explains the connected with NDT of structural materials and medical ultrasound. 
• Solar cell material moonlights as laser This article discusses the chemical defects semiconductors, including silicon. 
• Solar cells This article describes the solar cells in detail.
• Solar cycle – basics This article describes the main source of periodic solar variation.
• Solar panel basics This article explains the solar panel basics in detail.
• Sonar This article discusses the basics of sonar and how to build sonar. 
• Special function registers (sfr) of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article discusses the special function registers of 8051/8031 microcontroller.
• Static & dynamic characteristics of measurement system This article describes the characteristics of the measurement system.
• Stereo FM transmitter This article discusses the features of the stereo FM transmitter.
• Strip chart recorder This article describes the range selector switch chart recorder.
• Study on amplifiers This article explains the study on amplifiers.
• Study on ceramics This article discusses the study on ceramics.
• Study on polymers This article explains the study on polymers.
• Study on resistors This article discusses the study on resistors.
• Study on zener diode This article discusses the zener diode in detail.
• Surface tension This article discusses the surface tension on liquid droplet. 
• Tape recorders This article explains the basic components of tape recorder and its advantages.
• Telepresence, teleoperation & telerobotics This article explains the definiton of Telepresence & Teleoperation & Telerobotics.
• The AC waveform This article explains the AC wave form in detail
• Test mains voltage wireless This article discusses the test mains voltage wireless.
• The anonymous proxy server: an overview This article discusses the anonymous proxy server in overview.
• Thermionic and gaseous state diodes This article discusses the diodes are thermionic-valve devices.
• Thermistor This article explains the type of resistor used to measure temperature changes.
• Thermistor applications This article discusses the applications of the thermistors.
• Thermistor conduction model This article describes the various NTC thermistors semiconductors.
• Thermistor equation This article discusses the Steinhart-Hart equation and B parameter equation
• Thermistor self heating effects This article explains the used to measure the temperature of the environment.
• Thermistors This article explains the resistance vs. temperature relationship is thermistor.
• Thermocouple vacuum gages This article describes the gage consists of a filament heated by a constant-current source.
• Thermocouples This article explains the proportional to the temperature difference.
• Timer mode control register (tmod) of 8051/8031 microcontroller This article explains the timer mode control register of 8051/8031 microcontroller.
• Transformer tap changer This article describes the power transformers for regulation of the output voltage to required levels.
• Transistor amplifier This article discusses the transistor amplifier in detai
• Transistor currents This article discusses the transistor currents in detail.
• Triode This article discusses the definition and basics of Triode.
• Tunnel diode This article discusses the tunnel diode.
• Tunneling displacement transducers This article discusses the flow of electrons between two conducting surfaces.
• Types of semiconductor diode This article describes the several types of junction diodes.
• Ultrasonic proximity detector This article explains the pair of matched ultrasonic piezoceramic transducers.
• Universal avometer 40, 47A, 48A This article explains the radio receivers and other vacuum tube electronic devices.
• Varactor diode This article explains the varactor diode.
• Variable capacitor basics This article explains the variable capacitor basics.
• Variable resistors This article explains the variable resistors in detail.
• Various types of capacitors This article discusses the various types pf capacitors.
• Voltage to frequency converter This article describes the voltage to the frequency converter.
• What are series and parallel circuits This article discusses the series and parallel circuits in detail.
• What is an amplifier This article explains what is an amplifier.
• Why we use transformers This article explains the most important role in electrical distribution systems. 
• Wireless sensor This article discusses the wireless sensor.
• X-Y recorders This article discusses the variations of a quantity recorders.
• Zener diode This article explains the zener diode in detail.
• Another Hard Drive Failure This article explains the another hard drive failure.
• Applications of Resonance This article describes the phenomenon of resonance appears to be a useless curiosity.
• Attiny2313-Based Simple Timer/Counter This article explains a tiny 2313 based simple timer.
• Automatic Gain Control in TDA18219HN This article discusses the radiometric measurements of incident signal power.
• Autonomous Vehicles This article discusses the autonomous vehicles in detail.
• Balanced Variable Phase Shift Circuit This article discusses the characteristic value for the circuit is the normalized angular frequency.
• Capacitor Quirks This article discusses the purer reactive components than inductors. 
• Change DPI in Ubuntu This article explains the two parameters which control the user interface DPI and font rendering only.
• Checking Hygrometer Calibration This article explains the checking hydrometer calibration.
• Coax Attenuation This article discusses the set of antennas to cover the TV broadcast band. 
• Common Emitter Amplifier This article explains the transistors are used in amplifiers that amplify voltage and current. 
• Compile Ponyprog on Ubuntu This article describes the device programming software for the SI Prog serial interface programm.
• Complex Number Arithmetic This article discusses the complex numbers are legitimate mathematical entities.
• Complex Numbers This article explains the consisting of a single number in miles, kilometers, or some other unit of linear measurement.
• Complex Vector Addition This article explains the voltage magnitudes do not directly add or subtract as with scalar voltages in DC. 
• Continuous Spectrum Monitoring This article discusses the continuous spectrum monitoring.
• Copy Windows Files This article describes the use the file manager to copy all files from Windows ISO to USB stick. 
• Design of a TV Tuner Based Radio Scanner This article explains the used as the frontend of any radio receiver operating in the VHF – UHF band. 
• Deteriorating Radios This article describes the experimental spectrum sensing radio hardware.
• Draw Electronic Schematics Using Libreoffice This article explains the draw is a powerful vector graphics drawing software. 
• Dual Booting Windows and Ubuntu This article describes the whole HDD to install Windows, consider dual booting.
• Fix the DPI This article describes the important aspect is a constant focal distance for all pages. 
• Flying This article discusses the flying in detail.
• General Relativity This article discusses the general relativity in detail.
• Generate PDF This article discusses the software differs a little depending on OS. 
• GPT for UEFI This article discusses the bootable for BIOS computers in USB drive and launch Gparted.
• Gray-Hoverman, the Wideband TV Antenna This article discusses the channels transmit on frequencies ranging from 170 MHz to 860 MHz.
• HDRI and Radiosity in POV-Ray This article discusses the POV-Ray supports HDRI lighting. 
• High Quality Scanning Vs. Small File Size This article discusses the used to OCR digital document of the smallest possible size. 
• How to Identify an Unknown Radio Tuner This article explains the performance of one from a radio receiving device. 
• How Voltage, Current, And Resistance Relate This article explains the hows the voltage, current, and resistance related.
• Infrared Protocol Analysis With Pc Soundcard This article describes the electronic devices that use remote controls.
• Install Ubuntu On A Windows PC This article explains the Windows PC and want to install Ubuntu. 
• Install Windows On Ubuntu PC This article discusses the automatic installation of Ubuntu configures.
• Interleaved Adc Mode On Stm32f1 This article explains the three analog-to-digital converters. 
• Italian Engineer Announces Commercial ‘Cold Fusion’ Reactor This article describes about the cold fusion reator in detail.
• Karpen’s Pile: Producing Energy Continuously Since 1950 This article explains the karpen’s pile producing energy continuosly since 1950.
• Kickstarting Failure This article describes the kickstarting failure in detail.
• Larger Screen Versus A Working Wi-Fi This article explains the larger screen versus a working wi-fi.
• LED Matrix Display Proof-Of-Concept This article describes the LED matrix display proof of concept.
• Life, Universe And Electronics This article explains the life, universe and electronics.
• Make A Bootable Windows Usb From Linux (Ubuntu) This article explains the application called Startup Disk Creator used to Linux bootable USB drives. 
• Measuring L: Sinusoidal Response And RLC Resonance This article discusses the sinusidal response of measuring and the RLC resonance.
• MXL5007T Tuner Radio This article describes the IC designed mostly for digital signals.
• Noise Figure Measurements Of RTL-SDR Dongles This article describes the weak radio signal it is capable of receiving before the signal.
• Noise Versus Temperature This article discusses the detecting the energy the transmitter emits into the electromagnetic field. 
• Obtaining Energy By Annihilation Of An Electron With A Positron This article explains how to obtain energy by annihilation of an electron with a positron.
• Organic Display This article discusses the organic display in detail.
• OS Reinstallation This article explains the feel free to format it or even delete and recreate it from the installer partition tool. 
• Process Images And Fix The Color This article explains the select the input folder containing scanned images.
• Python RFTest.PY This article discusses the automatic test harness for the spectrum sensing hardware.
• Quantum Information And Control This article describes the quantum information and control.
• Regular Backups Using Grive On Ubuntu – I This article discusses the two-side synchronization between Google Drive and a local folder.
• Regular Backups Using Grive On Ubuntu – II This article describes the CLI application requires no user input to start the backup it can be run from a scheduled task. 
• Render 3d Realistic Images Of Megapov This article explains the MegaPOV is a custom build of POV-Ray 3.6 applications.
• Repairing The Happy Hacking Keyboard This article describes the repairing the happy hacking keyboard.
• Replacing Mouse Button On An EEEPC This article discusses the replacing mouse button on an EEEPC. 
• Running TDA18219HN From External Clock This article explains the ability to run two receivers synchronously from the same clock source.
• Safe Practices This article describes the safe practices in detail.
• Scantailor DPI Settings This article discusses the scans and reduce the file size of your e-books. 
• Schmitt Trigger This article describes the signals consist of a superposition.
• Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits This article explains the two components together in series form and investigate the effects.
• Simple Vector Addition This article discusses the AC voltage sources with the same phase angle are connected together in series.
• T12 Random Number Generator This article explains the T12 Random number generator.
• Testing Vesna’s Power Supply This article explains the USB cable or a DC voltage from some external supply. 
• The Binary-Coded-Decimal Clock This article discusses the binary coded decimal clock in detail.
• Toner Transfer This article describes the toner transfer.
• Troubles with Air Conditioning This article describes the troubles with air conditioning.
• Undersampling With A Microcontroller ADC This article describes the sampling band-limited high-frequency signals.
• Update on CC2500 Deterioration This article discusses the radios based on Texas Instruments CC2500 integrated circuit.
• Vectors and AC Waveforms This article describes the AC quantities of voltage or current in the form of a vector.
• Vesna ADC Resolution This article describes the quantify the amount of noise that VESNA’s A/D converter.
• Video Ghost This article describes the video ghost in detail.
• Wearable Electronics This article explains the wearable electronics in detail.
• 2 Meter J-Pole Antenna This article discusses the require the builder to directly solder the coax to the copper pipe. 
• 20 Meter Groundplane This article describes the quarter wavelength ground-plane antenna design. 
• 2G and 3G This article explains the 2G and 3G in detail.
• 3D Printing: Closer to the General Public This article describes the 3D printing is becoming closer to being the next fashion.
• 8 Channel Infrared Remote Control This article describes the basis for an RF based system.
• 8 Channel RF Remote Control This article discusses the TM1000-1 transmitter and RM1SG receiver.
• A Large Satellite This article describes the relationship between the Moon and Earth.
• A MIDI to RS232 Adapter This article explains the contains two parts of a circuit translates the MIDI signal level to RS232 levels.
• A Suitable Rotational Inclination and Neighboring Planets This article discusses the maximum radiation reaching much higher than the rest of the planet temperature.
• A Voltage Inverter Circuit This article discusses the interface to an LCD with a HD44780 controller.
• Accessing IAP Routines on P89V66X This article describes the 8051 based microcontrollers.
• Amount of Solar Radiation Received and Gravity This article discusses the amount of energy received by the planet varies.
• An RS232 ‘SPY’ Cable This article explains the one-on-one communication link between DTE device to a DCE device.
• Analog Audio Interlinks: Does Quality Matter? This article explains the analog audio interlinks. 
• Analog Synthesizer This article describes the lot of nostalgia for the original form of sound synthesis. 
• Analog Thermometer This article explains the analog thermometer in detail.
• Arduino This article discusses the PICBasic and C programming environment.
• ATX Bench Supply This article describes the variety ATX supply has a +5, +12, +3.3, -5 and -12 volt rails.
• Batch Conversion AutoCAD Drawings to Different Versions This article explains the use for viewing developed plans in AutoCAD different versions.
• Bench Power Supply This article describes the built a bench power supply using a power supply.
• Bi-amping the Acoustic Energy 120 Speakers This article describes the bi-amping the acoustic energy 120 speakers.
• Binary Subtraction Using 1′S and 2′S Complement This article describes the number to be subtracted or negative number is converted to 1’s or 2’s complement.
• Binary to Gray Code Conversion This article discusses the binary to gray code and the alternate methods.
• Bottle Cap PC Thermometer This article describes the components of the thermometer.
• Breadboard Bench This article discusses the combined with a breadboard and some useful connectors.
• Building a Solar Panel Using Polycarbonate Base Instead of Glass This article discusses the build a couple of experimental solar panels using polycarbonate.
• Building an Optimal and Secure Wood-Stove This article explains the wood burning stove in the optimal fuel consumption and comfortable.
• Building Your Own High Quality CREE LED Lamp with 700 Lumens and Spending Only 6W This article explains the how to build a LED lamp for your house with 700 lumens with only 6W power.
• Capacitance Meter This article describes the Capacitance meter is electronic equipment.
• CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) This article discusses the Closed circuit television.
• Clipper This article discusses the diode circuit that clips off a portion of input wave without distorting remaining part of input signal.
• Composition of the Planet and Materials Needed For Life This article discusses the chemical composition of the surface is decisive..
• Connecting a Bar-Code Wand to the Mp3 Controller/Player This article explains the typically provide interfaces for keyboard emulation.
• DC Motor, Getting Started This article describes the DC motor direct current power source to generate torque. 
• Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Conversion This article explains the conversion of decimal to any number system of any base is a generalized method.
• Designing a Wood Stove: Simple, Convenient and Efficient Combustion This article discusses the analyze and understand the process of combustion of wood.
• Difference between CCD and CMOS This article describes difference between CCD and CMOS
• Difference between GSM and CDMA This article explains the difference between GSM and CDMA.
• Difference between LED and LCD TVs This article discusses the difference between LED and TVs
• DIY Carolina Windom This article explains the build a multi-band wire antenna.
• DIY Stereo System This article discusses the two 8-ohm speakers are for the left and right channels.
• Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil 1 This article describes the conventional SSTC and the DR-SSTC is the use of “dual resonance”.
• Enable and disable options of SSD This article explains the OS will use all the capabilities it brings an SSD.
• Encrypted Mp3 Tracks This article discusses the MP3Crypt utility encrypts MP3 tracks.
• Extended Low Frequency Subwoofer This article describes the introduction, design, problems and performance of ELF subwoofer in detail.
• Extending TFTP This article explains the simple protocol for transferring data. 
• Fan Cooling: Intake or Exhaust? This article discusses the fan cooling whether intake or exhaust.
• Four Channel Power Amplifier This article explains the introduction, design, problems and performance of four channel power amplifiers.
• Fres Finder This article explains the component values deviate from their ratings and homemade components.
• Full Adder This article explains the full adder is a combinational circuit perform binary.
• Full Subtractor This article discusses the full-subtractor is a combinational circuit.
• GDTs for Dummies This article explains the uses of numerous circuits as a simple level-shifter/galvanic isolator/signal inverter.
• Get the most out of your SSD: Adjust Windows 7 Settings This article discusses the hard drive for an SSD (Solid State Drive).
• GPS Receiver This article discusses the LCD Display and GPS module.
• Graphics LCD Interfacing With 8051 This article discusses the interfacing and several command sequence handling.
• H0420 Internals This article explains the general design of the H0420 Programmable MP3 Player. 
• How LED Works? This article discusses how LED works.
• How to Extend the Battery Life of Your Laptop without Losing Power: Reduce the Processor Voltage This article explains the how to extend the battery life tweaking the settings of the graphics card.
• How to Use a Thermistor or Temperature Sensor with Arduino: Code for the NTC/PTC Types This article discusses the applications of Arduino is an electronic temperature control via a simple thermistor.
• How Works an Electric Cooler: Cell Peltier This article describes the fascinating use of semiconductors in the thermoelectric effect.
• Interfacing the VS1053 and VS1063 to DACs and SRCs This article describes the solutions of flexible digital audio decoders.
• LED Current Source This article describes the control multiple LEDs with a single output.
• LED Lighting, Present and Future of Lighting This article explains the technology and performance of the LED lighting.
• Logic Gates This article describes the logic gates in detail.
• Loop Skywire Antenna This article discusses the wide range of frequencies using a single antenna.
• Lunar Excavator This article explains the electronics system together in the electrical box. 
• Magnetic Core This article explains the magnetic core high-energy radiation as solar winds would sweep the atmosphere.
• Mesh Analysis This article describes the based on law of conservation of energy. 
• Nodal Analysis This article explains the number of elements are connected in parallel, nodal analysis.
• Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDS) This article describes the organic light emitting diodes in detail.
• Panel Meter Clock This article describes the build it from scratch using an Arduino board.
• Polyphonic Tesla Coil MIDI Interrupter This article describes the Polyphonic Tesla Coil MIDI Interrupter.
• Power-Outputs for the Programmable Audio Controllers/Players This article describes the H0420 programmable MP3 controller/player has 16 general purpose digital I/O pins. 
• Prevent the Hard Drive of your Ultra Portable to be damaged by Shocks This article describes the small bumps and tear that ultimately damage the hard drive.
• Programmable Interrupter/ Timer This article discusses the universal fiber optic system of sorts. 
• Programming the Mp3 Controller/Player: Getting Started This article discusses the programming the H0420 MP3 controller/player. 
• Q Point This article describes the applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to output circuit.
• Quick and Cheap Laptop Lamp This article discusses the power efficient as the LED ones.
• Quick Colour Averaging This article discusses the depend on a function that calculates the average of two colours. 
• RAM (Random Access Memory) This article explains the random access memory.
• Rectifier X-Ray Machine This article discusses the x-ray tubes using common high voltage rectifier tubes. 
• Reel Quantity Estimate This article describes the diameter of the core of the reel and the outer diameter of the rolled-up tape.
• Repairing an LCD Screen: Replacing Blown Capacitors This article explains the use of temperature and stress, swelling and bursting.
• RFID V/S Barcode This article explains the RFID v/s Barcode in detail.
• Rotation of the Earth on Itself and Greenhouse This article explains the greenhouse effect that prevents the energy.
• Save with LED Technology This article discusses the bonding materials with special properties to conduct electricity.
• Sending the Warmth of a Fireplace to the Radiators with a Coil This article describes the conventional wall mounted fireplaces use of biomass.
• Series Resonant Induction Heater This article describes the Induction heating is heating conductive metals.
• Simple Precision-Screwdriver Holder This article describes the screwdriver materials and its tools.
• Smoking Cyclops This article discusses the soldering fumes extractor. 
• Solar Chargeable Portable Battery Pack This article describes the lot of rechargeable lithium battery packs available. 
• Spreading the Heat from a Smokestack with Very Little Money This article discusses the heat from the flames by the operation of two principles.
• Star Suitable of Origin Life This article explains the star suitable addition to a star of adequate size.
• Stepper Motor This article explains the variety of applications in Stepper motor.
• Superposition Theorem This article discusses the more than one source are given in the network.
• Switch Debouncer This article discusses the importance for many applications in the switch.
• Synchronizing Time with DCF77 and MSF60 This article describes the applications that use the H0420 and Starling programmable.
• Table Top Tesla Coil This article explains the demonstrations and displaying the concept.
• The Battery Problem This article explains use the electricity from the mains to power a usually battery powered device.
• The Humidity At Home: Origins and Possible Solutions This article describes the spoils the walls and all kinds of organic material.
• The Importance of LED Temperature This article describes the important of the LED light temperature.
• The Origin of Life This article discusses the origin of the life.
• The STA013 and STA015 MP3 Decoders This article discusses the integrated circuits by STMicroelectronics are flexible MP3 decoders.
• Time-Lapse Photography W/DIY Intervalometer This article explains the camera’s shutter and focus functions to be performed remotely. 
• Turn Off Automatic Defragmentation an SSD This article describes the SSD is a NAND flash memory with no moving parts.
• Types of Cameras in CCTV  This article explains the types of cameras in CCTV.
• Types of CCTV Systems This article discusses the types of CCTV systems.
• Ultraviolet LED Exposure Box This article explains the source of UV light to expose photoresist boards.
• Universal Gates This article explains the combinational and sequential logic can be implemented using NAND and NOR gates. 
• USB PIC Programmer (BRENNER8) This article explains the consists of a PIC18F2550 and some transistors.
• USB Wall Adaptor This article explains the wall adaptor that allows to power USB devices.
• Vacuum Tube Audio Amplifier This article explains the involving cleaning the radio and replacing the old tubes with new ones.
• Volcanic and Tectonic Activity in Atmosphere This article describes the thermoregulation of surface temperature.
• Water in Abundance This article describes the water is essential for their special characteristics.
• 3D Packaging; Decision Time for 3D Test This article explains the use stacked die or TSV-enabled devices.
• 5 Challenges Electronics Manufacturers Face in 2015 This article explains the 5 challenges electronics manufacturers face in 2015.
• A Coordinate Decoder This article discusses the cacher could only solve by building a simple electronic circuit. 
• A NTP Driven Nixie Clock This article describes the components are SMD parts which are pre-soldered to the PCB.
• Acoustic Microscope Analyzes a Diverse Variety of Wafers This article describes the acoustic microscope analyzes a diverse variety of wafers.
• Atmel Pin Macros This article discusses the writing simple digital I/O code on Atmel microcontrollers.
• Battery Booster Shield This article describes the battery booster shield is efficiently boosts a lower input voltage.
• Bluetooth Arcade Controller Released This article explains the identified a bluetooth module and made a breakout board.
• Bluetooth Keyboard Module, Part 1 This article discusses the original control panel had leaf-style switch contacts.
• Bluetooth Keyboard Pairing Without Code Entry This article describes the how to connect a Bluetooth keyboard to your Linux/Mac/Windows computer without code entry.
• Compact 800-W Programmable Power Supply Features Digital Controls This article discusses the compact 800-W programmable power supply features digital controls.
• Cryptography of Decoder This article describes the basic idea is to build a gadget which takes a 32-bit encrypted number and decrypts it.
• Debouncing Via RC Filter This article discusses the debouncing via RC filter using resistors and capacitors to debounce.
• Decoder Firmware This article discusses the I/O is handled by an interrupt routine running.
• Diodes and LEDs This article explains the two-terminal semiconductor devices.
• Drum Solenoid Interface for Tap-Tempo Metronome This article explains the consists of a coil of wire wound around a movable metal core. 
• Fixing Linux Firmware Issues on Arduino Mega 2560 This article discusses the new Arduino UNO and Arduino Mega 2560 using the Linux operating system.
• Generating Lissajous Curves This article describes the Lissajous curve is a parametric plot of sinusoids.
• Hardware Design of Intervalometer This article discusses the hardware design of intervalometer.
• Hardware Multipliers This article describes the hardware multipliers in detail.
• Hardware of Lissajous Curves This article explains the modules consist of the AD9850plus a 125MHz oscillator. 
• Hardware of the Coordinate Decoder This article explains the hardware of the coordinate decoder in detail.
• How Hardware Implements Pulse-Width Modulation This article explains the hardware implements pulse-width modulation.
• Inspection and Review Portfolio for 3D Future This article discusses the intended for defect inspection and review of 16/14nm node and below IC devices.
• Intervalometer Power Consumption This article describes the power consumption is about 60µA. 
• Measuring Current Using Digital Multimeters This article discusses the measuring current using digital multimeters.
• Measuring DC Current This article discusses the measuring DC current using digital multimeter.
• Mentor Graphics PYXIS Platform and PDK Automation Process Adopted This article explains the mentor graphics Pyxis platform and PDK automation process adopted by magnachip semiconductor.
• Networked Scopes and MacOS This article discusses the networked scopes and MacOS in detail.
• Nice Drawings of the Arduino Uno and Mega 2560 This article describes the accurate technical drawing of the new Arduino UNO and Arduino Mega 2560.
• Piezoelectric Sensors This article discusses the sandwiched between two conductors, or electrodes.
• Plastic Electronics Update This article discusses the organic light-emitting diode television sets in the electronics.
• Preamble This article describes the perhaps the key decision was the high-accuracy, low-precision trade-off. 
• Serial Communications This article describes the hardware aspect of serial communications.
• Software of Intervalometer This article explains the software is a simple bit of assembler compatible with GNU’s gpasm.
• Solderless Breadboards This article describes the holes in any single row are electrically connected to one another. 
• Spectro-X Simultaneously Analyzes Four RF and Microwave Spectrum Capture Files This article describes the spectro-X simultaneously analyzes four RF and microwave spectrum capture files.
• SSR in a Box This article explains the switching reasonably high-power mains electricity. 
• Tap-Tempo Metronome 2 – External Connections This article explains the tap-tempo metronome 2 – external connections.
• Testing the Debouncing Properties of the RC Filter This article explains the testing the debouncing properties of the RC filter.
• The Keysight U1272A and MacOS This article describes the keysight U1272A and the MacOS.
• The Meter of Keysight U1272A and MacOS This article discusses the meter of the keysight U1272A and MacOS.
• The Software of Keysight U1272A and MacOS This article explains the software of the keysight U1272A and MacOS.
• US Mediates in EU-China Solar Trade Spat This article describes the global solar industry in conditions that foster the adoption of renewable energy.
• Vacuum Technologies Needed for 3D Device Processing This article describes the use more 3D device structures such as finFETs and gate-all-around (GAA) transistors.
• What’s Next for Semiconductor Packaging? This article explains the Flip-chip and wafer-level packaging.
• Working of Battery Booster Shield This article discusses the working of the battery booster shield.
• XY Plotting with Sound Cards This article explains the dual channel analogue input device for their computer.