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Discusses the evolution, advantages, and characteristics of analog and digital systems, including binary representation and waveforms. ​

INTRODUCTION

  • The evolution of computing technology from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits (ICs) is highlighted. ​
  • The need for improved calculation techniques is emphasized.

ANALOG SYSTEM

  • Analog signals are continuous physical quantities that vary over a range. ​
  • Examples include temperature, pressure, and distance.
  • Analog signals are smooth waveforms with infinite values. ​

LIMITATIONS OF ANALOG SIGNALS ​

  • Analog signals are susceptible to noise during amplification. ​
  • They are challenging to store and generally more expensive than digital systems.

DIGITAL SYSTEM

  • Digital systems manipulate logical information represented in digital form. ​
  • They are prevalent in computers, calculators, and audio/video equipment. ​
  • Analog signals are converted to digital through sampling and quantization. ​

NEED FOR DIGITIZATION

  • The world is primarily analog, but digital systems simplify understanding and processing of signals. ​

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ​

  • Digital systems are easier to design and store information. ​
  • They offer greater accuracy and precision.
  • Digital circuits are less affected by noise and can be integrated into ICs. ​

DECIMAL SYSTEM

  • The decimal system is base-10, consisting of 10 numerals. ​
  • It is a positional-value system with significant digits: most significant digit (MSD) and least significant digit (LSD). ​

BINARY SYSTEM

  • The binary system, linked to logic by George Boole and Claude Shannon, uses two states (0 and 1). ​
  • Voltage levels represent binary values: 2V-5V for binary 1 and 0V-0.8V for binary 0. ​
  • Binary digits (bits) form codes for representing numbers and symbols. ​

REPRESENTING BINARY QUANTITIES ​

  • Binary information is processed in digital systems using devices with two states, like switches. ​
  • Logic levels are defined by voltage ranges, with thresholds to avoid errors. ​

DIGITAL WAVEFORMS

  • Digital waveforms consist of pulses, characterized by rise time, fall time, and amplitude. ​
  • They can be periodic or non-periodic, with frequency measured in hertz. ​

TIMING DIAGRAMS

  • Timing diagrams illustrate the relationship between digital waveforms. ​
  • Data can be transmitted serially (one bit at a time) or in parallel (multiple bits simultaneously). ​
  • Serial transmission has fewer lines but takes more time compared to parallel transmission. ​

Analog and Digital Systems – Lesson 1

Engineering Institute of Technology